History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century
Chapter 221 : But still there was no news. While waiting for the long desired amba.s.sador, every on

But still there was no news. While waiting for the long desired amba.s.sador, every one at the English court played his part as well as he could. Anne, whether from conscience, prudence, or modesty, refused the honours which the king would have showered upon her, and never approached Catherine but with marks of profound respect. Wolsey had the look of desiring the divorce, while in reality he dreaded it, as fated to cause his ruin and that of the popedom. Henry strove to conceal the motives which impelled him to separate from the queen; to the bishops, he spoke of his _conscience_, to the n.o.bility _of an heir_, and to all of the sad obligation which compelled him to put away so justly beloved a princess. In the meanwhile, he seemed to live on the best terms with her, from what Du Bellay says.[836] But Catherine was the one who best dissembled her sentiments; she lived with the king as during their happiest days, treated Anne with every kindness, adopted an elegant costume, encouraged music and dancing in her apartments, often appeared in public, and seemed desirous of captivating by her gracious smiles the good-will of England. This was a mournful comedy, destined to end in tragedy full of tears and agony.

[836] 16th October 1528. Du Bellay to Montmorency. Le Grand, Preuves, p. 170.

CHAPTER II.

Coverdale and Inspiration--He undertakes to translate the Scriptures--His Joy and Spiritual Songs--Tyball and the Laymen--Coverdale preaches at b.u.mpstead--Revival at Colchester--Incomplete Societies and the New Testament--Persecution--Monmouth arrested and released.

[Sidenote: COVERDALE AND INSPIRATION.]

While these scenes were acting in the royal palaces, far different discussions were going on among the people. After having dwelt for some time on the agitations of the court, we gladly return to the lowly disciples of the divine word. The Reformation of England (and this is its characteristic) brings before us by turns the king upon his throne, and the laborious artisan in his humble cottage; and between these two extremes we meet with the doctor in his college, and the priest in his pulpit.

[Sidenote: MILES COVERDALE.]

Among the young men trained at Cambridge under Barnes's instruction, and who had aided him at the time of his trial, was Miles Coverdale, afterwards bishop of Exeter, a man distinguished by his zeal for the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Some time after the prior's fall, on Easter Eve, 1527, Coverdale and Cromwell met at the house of Sir Thomas More, when the former exhorted the Cambridge student to apply himself to the study of sacred learning.[837] The lapse of his unhappy master had alarmed Coverdale, and he felt the necessity of withdrawing from that outward activity which had proved so fatal to Barnes. He therefore turned to the Scriptures, read them again and again, and perceived, like Tyndale, that the reformation of the church must be effected by the word of G.o.d. The inspiration of that word, the only foundation of its sovereign authority, had struck Coverdale. "Wherever the Scripture is known it reformeth all things. And why? Because it is given _by the inspiration of G.o.d_."[838] This fundamental principle of the Reformation in England must, in every age, be that of the church.

[837] Coverdale's Remains (Parker Society), p. 490. The authority for this statement is a letter from Coverdale to Cromwell, which the editor of the "remains" a.s.signs to the year 1527. Mr. Anderson (Annals of the Bible, i. p. 239), places it four years later, in 1531. Foxe a.s.serts that Cromwell was at the siege of Rome in May 1527, on the authority of Cranmer and Cromwell himself (Acts and Mon. v. p. 365).

If so, the letter cannot belong to that year; but 1531 is improbable.

I am inclined to think it was written in 1528; but any way there is a difficulty with the date.

[838] Ibid. p. 10.

Coverdale found happiness in his studies: "Now," he said, "I begin to taste of Holy Scriptures! Now, honour be to G.o.d! I am set to the most sweet smell of holy letters."[839] He did not stop there, but thought it his duty to attempt in England the work which Tyndale was prosecuting in Germany. The Bible was so important in the eyes of these Christians, that two translations were undertaken simultaneously. "Why should other nations," said Coverdale, "be more plenteously provided for with the Scriptures in their mother-tongue than we?"[840]--"Beware of translating the Bible!" exclaimed the partisans of the schoolmen; "your labour will only make divisions in the faith and in the people of G.o.d."[841]--"G.o.d has now given his church," replied Coverdale, "the gifts of translating and of printing; we must improve them." And if any friends spoke of Tyndale's translation, he answered: "Do not you know that when many are starting together, every one doth his best to be nighest the mark?"[842]--"But Scripture ought to exist in Latin only," objected the priests.--"No,"

replied Coverdale again, "the Holy Ghost is as much the author of it in the Hebrew, Greek, French, Dutch, and English, as in Latin.... The word of G.o.d is of like authority, in what language soever the Holy Ghost speaketh it."[843] This does not mean that translations of Holy Scripture are inspired, but that the word of G.o.d, faithfully translated, always possesses a divine authority.

[839] Coverdale's Remains, p. 490.

[840] Ibid. p. 12.

[841] Ibid.

[842] Ibid. p. 14.

[843] Ibid. p. 26.

Coverdale determined therefore to translate the Bible, and, to procure the necessary books, he wrote to Cromwell, who, during his travels, had made a collection of these precious writings. "Nothing in the world I desire but books," he wrote; "like Jacob, you have drunk of the dew of heaven.... I ask to drink of your waters."[844] Cromwell did not refuse Coverdale his treasures. "Since the Holy Ghost moves you to bear the cost of this work," exclaimed the latter, "G.o.d gives me boldness to labour in the same."[845] He commenced without delay, saying: "Whosoever believeth not the Scripture, believeth not Christ; and whoso refuseth it, refuseth G.o.d also."[846] Such were the foundations of the reformed church in England.

[844] De tuo ipso torrente maxime potare exopto. Ibid. p. 491.

[845] Ibid. p. 10.

[846] Ibid. p. 19.

Coverdale did not undertake to translate the Scriptures as a mere literary task: the Spirit which had inspired him spoke to his heart; and tasting their life-giving promises, he expressed his happiness in pious songs:--

Be glad now, all ye christen men, And let us rejoyce unfaynedly.

The kindnesse cannot be written with penne, That we have receaved of G.o.d's mercy; Whose love towarde us hath never ende: He hath done for us as a frende; Now let us thanke him hartely.

These lovynge words he spake to me.

I wyll delyver thy soule from payne; I am desposed to do for thee, And to myne owne selfe thee to retayne.

Thou shalt be with me, for thou art myne; And I with thee, for I am thyne; Such is my love, I cannot layne.

They wyll shed out my precyous bloude, And take away my lyfe also; Which I wyll suffre all for thy good: Beleve this sure, where ever thou go.

For I will yet ryse up agayne; Thy synnes I beare, though it be payne, To make thee safe and free from wo.

[Sidenote: TYBALL AT b.u.mPSTEAD.]

Coverdale did not remain long in the solitude he desired. The study of the Bible, which had attracted him to it, soon drew him out of it. A revival was going on in Ess.e.x; John Tyball, an inhabitant of b.u.mpstead, having learnt to find in Jesus Christ the _true bread from heaven_, did not stop there. One day as he was reading the first epistle to the Corinthians, these words: "eat of this _bread_," and "drink of this _cup_," repeated four times within a few verses, convinced him that there was no transubstantiation. "A priest has no power to create the body of the Lord," said he, "Christ truly is present in the Eucharist, but he is there only _for him that believeth_, and by a spiritual presence and action only." Tyball, disgusted with the Romish clergy and wors.h.i.+p, and convinced that Christians are called to a universal priesthood, soon thought that men could do without a special ministry, and without denying the offices mentioned in Scripture, as some Christians have done since, he attached no importance to them. "Priesthood is not necessary,[847]" he said: "every layman may administer the sacraments as well as a priest." The minister of b.u.mpstead, one Richard Foxe, and next a greyfriar of Colchester named Meadow, were successively converted by Tyball's energetic preaching.

[847] Strype, Records, i. p. 51.

[Sidenote: CONVERSION OF TOPLEY AND PYKAS.]

Coverdale, who was living not far from these parts, having heard speak of this religious revival, came to b.u.mpstead, and went into the pulpit in the spring of 1528, to proclaim the treasures contained in Scripture. Among his hearers was an Augustine monk, named Topley, who was supplying Foxe's place during his absence. This monk, while staying at the parsonage, had found a copy of Wickliffe's _Wicket_, which he read eagerly. His conscience was wounded by it, and all seemed to totter about him.[848] He had gone to church full of doubt, and after divine service he waited upon the preacher, exclaiming: "O my sins, my sins!" "Confess yourself to G.o.d," said Coverdale, "and not to a priest. G.o.d accepteth the confession which cometh from the heart, and blotteth out all your sins."[849] The monk believed in the forgiveness of G.o.d, and became a zealous evangelist for the surrounding country.

[848] I felt in my conscience a great wavering. Anderson's Annals of the Bible, vol. i. p. 185.

[849] Coverdale's Remains, p. 481.

The divine word had hardly lighted one torch, before that kindled another. At Colchester, in the same county, a worthy man named Pykas, had received a copy of the Epistles of Saint Paul from his mother, with this advice: "My son, live according to these writings, and not according to the teaching of the clergy." Some time after, Pykas having bought a New Testament, and "read it thoroughly many times,"[850] a total change took place in him. "We must be baptized by the Holy Ghost," he said, and these words pa.s.sed like a breath of life over his simple-minded hearers. One day, Pykas having learnt that Bilney, the first of the Cambridge doctors who had known the power of G.o.d's word, was preaching at Ipswich, he proceeded thither, for he never refused to listen to a priest, when that priest proclaimed the truth. "O, what a sermon! how full of the Holy Ghost!" exclaimed Pykas.

[850] Strype, vol. i. ch. i. p. 121.

From that period meetings of the brothers in Christ (for thus they were called) increased in number. They read the New Testament, and each imparted to the others what he had received for the instruction of all. One day when the twenty-fourth chapter of Matthew had been read, Pykas, who was sometimes wrong in the spiritual interpretation of Scripture, remarked: "When the Lord declares that _not one stone of the temple shall be left upon another_, he speaks of those haughty priests who persecute those whom they call heretics, and who pretend to be the temple of G.o.d. G.o.d will destroy them all." After protesting against the priest, he protested against the host: "The real body of Jesus Christ is in the Word," he said; "G.o.d is in the Word, the Word is in G.o.d.[851] G.o.d and the Word cannot be separated. Christ is the living Word that nourishes the soul." These humble preachers increased. Even women knew the Epistles and Gospels by heart; Marion Matthew, Dorothy Long, Catherine Swain, Alice Gardiner, and, above all, Gyrling's wife, who had been in service with a priest lately burnt for heresy, took part in these gospel meetings. And it was not in cottages only that the glad tidings were then proclaimed; Bower Hall, the residence of the squires of b.u.mpstead, was open to Foxe, Topley, and Tyball, who often read the Holy Scriptures in the great hall of the mansion, in the presence of the master and all their household: a humble Reformation more real than that effected by Henry VIII.

[851] Ibid. p. 130.

[Sidenote: TWO FORMS OF THE CHURCH.]

There was, however, some diversity of opinion among these brethren.

"All who have begun to believe," said Tyball, Pykas, and others, "ought to meet together to hear the word and increase in faith. We pray in common ... and that const.i.tutes a church." Coverdale, Bilney, and Latimer willingly recognised these incomplete societies, in which the members met simply as _disciples_; they believed them necessary at a period when the church was forming. These societies (in the reformers' views) proved that organization has not the priority in the Christian church, as Rome maintains, and that this priority belongs to the faith and the life. But this imperfect form they also regarded as provisional. To prevent numerous dangers, it was necessary that this society should be succeeded by another, the church of the New Testament, with its elders or bishops, and deacons. The word, they thought, rendered a ministry of the word necessary; and for its proper exercise not only piety was required, but a knowledge of the sacred languages, the gift of eloquence, its exercise and perfection.

However, there was no division among these Christians upon secondary matters.

For some time the bishop of London watched this movement with uneasiness. He caused Hacker to be arrested, who, for six years past, had gone from house to house reading the Bible in London and Ess.e.x; examined and threatened him, inquired carefully after the names of those who had shown him hospitality; and the poor man in alarm had given up about forty of his brethren. Sebastian Harris, priest of Kensington, Forman, rector of All Hallows, John and William Pykas, and many others, were summoned before the bishop. They were taken to prison; they were led before the judges; they were put in the stocks; they were tormented in a thousand ways. Their minds became confused; their thoughts wandered; and many made the confessions required by their persecutors.

[Sidenote: MONMOUTH ARRESTED.]

The adversaries of the gospel, proud of this success, now desired a more glorious victory. If they could not reach Tyndale, had they not in London the patron of his work, Monmouth, the most influential of the merchants, and a follower of the true faith? The clergy had made religion their business, and the Reformation restored it to the people. Nothing offended the priests so much, as that laymen should claim the right to believe without their intervention, and even to propagate the faith. Sir Thomas More, one of the most amiable men of the sixteenth century, partic.i.p.ated in their hatred. He wrote to Cochlaeus: "Germany now daily bringeth forth monsters more deadly than what Africa was wont to do;[852] but, alas! she is not alone. Numbers of Englishmen, who would not a few years ago even hear Luther's name mentioned, are now publis.h.i.+ng his praises! England is now like the sea, which swells and heaves before a great storm, without any wind stirring it."[853] More felt particularly irritated, because the boldness of the gospellers had succeeded to the timidity of the Lollards. "The heretics," he said, "have put off hypocrisy, and put on impudence." He therefore resolved to set his hand to the work.

[852] More's Life, p. 82.

[853] Ibid. p. 117.

On the 14th of May 1529, Monmouth was in his shop, when an usher came and summoned him to appear before Sir J. Dauncies, one of the privy council. The pious merchant obeyed, striving to persuade himself that he was wanted on some matter of business; but in this he was deceived, as he soon found out. "What letters and books have you lately received from abroad?"[854] asked with some severity, Sir Thomas More, who, with Sir William Kingston, was Sir John's colleague. "None," replied Monmouth. "What aid have you given to any persons living on the continent?"--"None, for these last three years. William Tyndale abode with me six months," he continued, "and his life was what a good priest's ought to be. I gave him ten pounds at the period of his departure, but nothing since. Besides, he is not the only one I have helped; the bishop of London's chaplain, for instance, has received of me more than 50."--"What books have you in your possession?" The merchant named the New Testament and some other works. "All these books have lain more than two years on my table, and I never heard that either priests, friars, or laymen learnt any great errors from them."[855] More tossed his head. "It is a hard matter," he used to say, "to put a dry stick in the fire without its burning, or to nourish a snake in our bosom and not be stung by it.[856]--That is enough," he continued, "we shall go and search your house." Not a paper escaped their curiosity; but they found nothing to compromise Monmouth; he was however sent to the Tower.

[854] Strype's Records, p. 363.