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History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century Novel Chapters
List of most recent chapters published for the History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century novel. A total of 239 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024
Latest Release: Chapter 1 : History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century.Volume 1.by J. H. Merle D'Aubig
History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century.Volume 1.by J. H. Merle D'Aubigne.PREFACE TO THE LAST EDITION.My purpose is not to write the history of a party, but that of one of the greatest revolutions which has taken place among men--the hist
- 1 History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century.Volume 1.by J. H. Merle D'Aubigne.PREFACE TO THE LAST EDITION.My purpose is not to write the history of a party, but that of one of the greatest revolutions which has taken place among men--the hist
- 2 Rome carefully registered these requests, these mediations, and smiled when she saw the nations throwing themselves into her arms. She let slip no occasion of increasing and extending her power. Praise, flattery, extravagant compliments, consultation by o
- 3 Thus every thing in the Church is changed.At first it was a community of brethren, and now an absolute monarchy is established in its bosom. All Christians were priests of the living G.o.d, (1 Peter, ii, 9,) with humble pastors for their guides; but a pro
- 4 Let us now attend to the State of the Church before the Reformation.The people of Christendom no longer expecting the gratuitous gift of eternal life from the true and living G.o.d, it was necessary, in order to obtain it, to have recourse to all the meth
- 5 [46] Felleri, Mon. ined., p. 400.Such are some of the consequences of the system under which Christendom then groaned. Our picture, undoubtedly, proves both the corruption of the Church and the necessity of a Reformation; and it was this we proposed in sk
- 6 There was, at that time, in Germany, what the politicians of our days call a "see-saw system." When the emperor was of a resolute character, his power increased; when, on the contrary, he was of a feeble character, the influence and power of the
- 7 [55] Treatise of Antichrist, of the same age as the n.o.bla Leycon.Still, however, this primary truth of a sinner's justification, this capital doctrine, which ought to have risen from the midst of their doctrines, like Mont Blanc from the bosom of t
- 8 (Paradoxa d.a.m.nata, etc., 1749, Moguntiae.) About the same time, John de Goch, prior at Malines, extolled Christian liberty as the soul of all the virtues. He charged the received doctrine with Pelagianism, and surnamed Thomas Aquinas the "Prince o
- 9 [88] "Ea de Christo fabula." (Mornaei, Hist. Papatus, p. 820.) It is true that then, as after the sarcasms of the age of Augustus, and as in our own times, after those of the last century, a new Platonic philosophy sprung up and attacked that ir
- 10 [95] ??????? ?s?a?. Seven editions of this work were disposed of in a few months.Erasmus, early in life, acquired a high reputation among the learned, but the enraged monks owed him a grudge, and vowed vengeance. He was much courted by princes, and was in
- 11 What would become of the truth did not G.o.d raise up bolder champions to defend it? The following is the advice which Erasmus gave to Viglius Zuichem, (afterwards President of the Supreme Court at Brussels,) as to the manner in which he ought to conduct
- 12 BOOK SECOND.CHAP. I.YOUTH, CONVERSION, AND FIRST LABOURS OF LUTHER.1483-1517.Luther's Descent--His Parents--His Birth--Poverty--The Paternal Roof--Strict Discipline--First Lessons--The School of Magdebourg--Wretchedness--Isenach--The Shunammite--The
- 13 To literature and science he added the charms of art. Those who are designed by G.o.d to act upon their contemporaries are themselves, in the first instance, seized and carried along by all the tendencies of their age. Luther learned to play on the flute
- 14 Augustine--D'Ailly--Occam--Gerson--The Bible--Hebrew and Greek--The Hours--Asceticism--Agony--Luther during Ma.s.s--Agony--Useless Observances--Luther in a Faint.At length he was with G.o.d. His soul was in safety. This holiness, so earnestly longed
- 15 CHAP. IV.Pious Men in Cloisters--Staupitz--His Piety--His Visitation--Conversation--The Grace of Christ--Repentance--Power of Sin--Sweetness of Repentance--Election--Providence--The Bible--The Old Monk--The Remission of Sins--Consecration Dinner--The Fete
- 16 Luther had been two years in the cloister, and must now be consecrated priest. He had received much, and he looked forward with delight to the prospect which the priesthood presented of enabling him freely to give what he had freely received. Wis.h.i.+ng
- 17 Luther's const.i.tutional sadness and depression again overpowered him.To die thus far from Germany, under this burning sky in a foreign land, what a fate! The agonies which he had felt at Erfurt returned with all their force. The conviction of his s
- 18 It was thus Luther found what all doctors and reformers, even the most distinguished, had, to a certain degree at least, failed to discover.It was in Rome that G.o.d gave him this clear view of the fundamental doctrine of Christianity. He had come to the
- 19 CHAP. VIII.Faith--Popular Declamations--Academical Instruction--Moral Purity of Luther--German Theology or Mysticism--The Monk Spenlein--Justification by Faith--Luther on Erasmus--Faith and Works--Erasmus--Necessity of Works--Practice of Works.Luther did
- 20 But n.o.body was better aware than Luther of the intimate and indissoluble tie which unites the gratuitous salvation of G.o.d with the free works of man. n.o.body showed better than he that it is only by receiving all from Christ that man can give much to
- 21 Luther, however, recommended to his friend the sermons of Tauler. "I have never seen," said he, "either in Latin or our own tongue a sounder theology, or one more agreeable to the gospel. Taste and see how sweet the Lord is; but be it after
- 22 "If the form of the syllogism could be applied to divine things, we should know the article of the Holy Trinity, and should not believe it."In one word, Aristotle is to theology as darkness to light."Man is more hostile to the grace of G.o.
- 23 This grand affair produced a lively sensation in the quiet cities of Germany.[294] "Mit weissen Staeblein." (Instructions of the Archbishop of Mentz to the Sub-commissaries of Indulgence, etc. Art. 8.) At these sales one personage in particular
- 24 [313] "Nach den Satzen der gesunden vernunft, nach ihrer Magnificenz und Freigebigkeit." (Instruction, etc., 26.) [314] Muller's Reliq., iii, p. 264.The apostolic commissaries sometimes encountered difficulties in carrying on their trade. I
- 25 This traffic everywhere occupied men's thoughts, and was everywhere talked of. It was the subject of conversation in castles, in academies, and at the firesides of the citizens, as well as in inns and taverns, and all places of public resort.[334] Op
- 26 Luther impelled equally by obedience to the truth of G.o.d, and by charity towards men, mounted the pulpit. He forewarned his hearers; but, as he himself says, he did it gently.[351] His prince had obtained particular indulgences from the pope for the chu
- 27 25. "The same power which the pope has over purgatory throughout the Church, each bishop has individually in his own diocese, and each curate in his own parish.27. "It is the preaching of human folly to pretend, that at the very moment when the
- 28 have the presumption to write your High Mightiness. The Lord Jesus is my witness, that, feeling how small and despicable I am, I have long put off doing it.... Will your Highness, however, be pleased to let fall a look on a grain of dust, and, in accordan
- 29 Go into your cell and cry, 'Lord, have mercy on me!'"[384][384] "Frater, abi in cellam, et dic: Miserere mei." (Lindner in Luther's Leben, p. 93.) An old priest of Hexter in Westphalia, having received and read the theses in
- 30 [398] "Sed salvum est nunc etiam jurare, quod sine scitu Ducis Frederici exierint." (Ibid., p. 76.) But now it is safe even to swear, that they have gone forth without the knowledge of Duke Frederick.If Spalatin solaced his friend, and supported
- 31 Tezel, wis.h.i.+ng to repair the check which he had received, had recourse to the _ultima ratio_ of Rome and the inquisitors,--I mean the f.a.ggot.On a public walk in one of the suburbs of Frankfort, he caused a pulpit and a scaffold to be erected, and re
- 32 His thorough conviction that the evangelical doctrine was immovably founded on the word of G.o.d made him regard all external authority as useless. Luther's experience, in this respect, opened a new prospect to the Church. The living spring which had
- 33 CHAP. X.Popular Writings--Our Father--Thy Kingdom Come--Thy Will be Done--Our Daily Bread--Sermon on Repentance--Forgiveness through Christ.Such were the struggles which the champion of the word of G.o.d had to maintain at the outset of his career. But th
- 34 [457] Ibid., p. 106.The Reformer of Germany, not finding a place in the public conveyances, nor any one who was willing to yield him his place, was obliged next morning, notwithstanding of his fatigue, humbly to resume his journey on foot. He arrived at W
- 35 [471] Luth. Ep. i, p. 412.Brentz, Snepf, and others also, urged by the new truths which began to dawn upon their minds, in like manner visited Luther, speaking and conferring with him, and asking explanations of any thing which they might not have compreh
- 36 Luther had still the greatest respect for the head of the Church. He supposed that there was justice in Leo X, and a sincere love of truth.He resolved, therefore, to apply to him also; and eight days after, on Trinity Sunday, 30th May, 1518, addressed him
- 37 This letter must have been written after some rather keen discussion between Maximilian and Frederick. The same day, the Elector wrote to Raphael de Rovere. He had doubtless learned that the Emperer was addressing the Roman pontiff, and to parry the blow
- 38 Those who are pleased more to expend Than their fields can render, Must come to ruin in the end, It may be to a halter.[506][506] "Almosen geben armt nicht, etc. Wer mehr will verzehren, etc.(Muller's Reliquien.) Young Philip was not eleven when
- 39 The courage of Luther communicated itself to others. Men of the greatest gentleness and timidity, on seeing the danger which threatened the witness for the truth, found words full of energy and indignation. The prudent and pacific Staupitz, on the 7th Sep
- 40 He went off. The Saxon monk, who had more discernment than the Roman courtier, thought within himself, "This wily Sinon has come along ill-prepared and ill-instructed by his Greeks."[538] Luther was suspended between hope and fear; hope, however, predom
- 41 [551] Luth. Op. (L.) xvii, p. 183.CHAP. VI.First appearance--First Words--Conditions of Rome--Propositions to Retract--Luther's reply--He withdraws--Impressions on both sides--Arrival of Staupitz.The day of conference at length arrived.[552] The legate,
- 42 (Math. 15.) The counsellors of the empire having intimated to the legate, through the Bishop of Trent, that Luther was provided with an imperial safe-conduct, and having caused it to be declared at the same time, that nothing was to be attempted against t
- 43 Luther proves his proposition by a mult.i.tude of quotations from Scripture."Be pleased, then, to intercede for me with our most holy lord, Pope Leo X," adds he, "in order that he may not treat me with so much disfavour.... My soul seeks the light of t
- 44 "My cause is in so much the greater peril, that its judges are not only implacable enemies, but, moreover, men incapable of comprehending it. However, the Lord G.o.d lives and reigns; to his care I commend myself, and I doubt not that, in answer to the p
- 45 The first day Luther travelled fourteen leagues. In the evening, on arriving at the inn where he was to pa.s.s the night, he was so fatigued (his horse, says one of his biographers, had a very hard trot,) that, on dismounting, he could not stand erect, an
- 46 [611] "Ne tam cito in Galliam irem." (Luth. Ep. i, p. 195.) [612] "Firma Christus propositum non cendi in me." (Ibid.) Luther at this time published the "_Acts of the Conference at Augsburg_." Spalatin, on the part of the Elector, had written him no
- 47 History of the Reformation in the Sixteenth Century.Vol 2.by J. H. Merle D'Aubigne.BOOK FIFTH.CHAP. I.THE DISCUSSION OF LEIPSIC, 1519.Luther's Dangers--G.o.d saves Luther--The Pope sends a Chamberlain--The Legate's Journey--Briefs of Rome--Circ.u.mstan
- 48 [33] Video ubique, undique, quoc.u.mque modo, animam meam quaeri. (L. Ep.i, p. 274, 16th May.) The Elector of Treves, a man of wisdom and moderation, and a friend of Frederick, was willing to meet his views. He had no desire, moreover, to involve himself
- 49 [Sidenote: LUTHER'S CONFIDENCE.]All Luther's friends did not share his courage, for up to this hour none had been able to withstand the sophistry of Dr. Eck. But what alarmed them most was the subject of dispute--the primacy of the pope!... How does the
- 50 _Luther._--"How can I when the duke forbids me?"_Eck._--"If I cannot debate with you, I am not anxious to have any thing to do with Carlstadt. It was for you I came here." Then, after a short pause, he added--"If I obtain the dukes permission, will y
- 51 The discussion was opened by Eck and Carlstadt.Eck, for some moments, fixed his eyes on the books which lay on the little table in front of his opponent's desk, and seemed to give him uneasiness: they were the Bible and the Fathers. "I decline the discu
- 52 [94] Loscher, iii, 278.Duke George, though very decidedly in favour of Eck, did not betray so much pa.s.sion as his subjects. He invited Eck, Luther, and Carlstadt to dine together with him. He even asked Luther to pay him a visit in private, but soon sho
- 53 _Luther._--"If the reverend doctor would attack me, he should first reconcile these contrary statements of Augustine. It is undeniable that St. Augustine has again and again said that the rock was Christ, and he may perhaps have once said that it was Pet
- 54 The blows struck by the champions of the two systems had made a large wound in the papacy.CHAP. VI.Interest felt by the Laity--Luther's Opinion--Admissions and Boastings of Dr. Eck--Effects of the Discussion--Poliander--Cellarius--The Young Prince of Anh
- 55 CHAP. VII.Eck attacks Melancthon--Melancthon's defence--Interpretation of Scripture--Luther's firmness--The Bohemian Brethren--Emser--Staupitz.Eck abandoned himself to all the intoxication of what he would fain have pa.s.sed off as a victory. He kept te
- 56 [158] Ibid. p. 281.The preacher continues. "There is no union closer, deeper, or more inseparable than that between food and the body which is nourished by it. In the sacrament, Christ unites himself to us so closely that he acts in us as if he were iden
- 57 "It is necessary," said the amba.s.sadors of Francis to the electors, "it is necessary to prove to the Dukes of Austria, that the imperial crown is not hereditary. Besides, in existing circ.u.mstances, Germany has need not of a young man of nineteen, b
- 58 [192] (Ibid.) [193] "Nolo nisi Christo protectore niti." (L. Ep. i, p. 148.) [194] Mea humana sunt; tu perfectior jam totus ex divinis pendes. (L.Op. Lat. ii. p. 175.) [195] Viam facturus libertati (cod. Bavar veritati) per maximos principes. (Corp. Ref
- 59 He begins with the pope. "It is monstrous," says he, "to see him who calls himself the vicar of Jesus Christ displaying a magnificence, unequalled by that of any emperor. Is this the way in which he proves his resemblance to lowly Jesus, or humble Pete
- 60 [213] Sopra tutto musico eccellentissimo, e quando el canta con qualche uno, li fa donar cento e piu ducati.... (Zorsi. MS. C.) And above all a most excellent musician, and any person with whom he sings he presents with a hundred ducats.[Sidenote: ECK'S
- 61 [Sidenote: MELANCTHON'S VISIT TO HIS MOTHER.]The marriage of Melancthon gave a domestic hearth to the Reformation.There was, thenceforth, in Wittemberg, a family whose house was open to all those whom the principle of a new life now animated. The concour
- 62 CHAP. VII.New Negotiations--Milt.i.tz and the Augustins of Eisleben--Deputation to Luther--Milt.i.tz and the Elector--Conference at Lichtemberg--Luther's Letter to the Pope--Book Presented to the Pope--Union of the Believer with Christ--Freedom and Bonda
- 63 [268] Rev. xxii, 11.Luther narrates his intercourse with De Vio, Milt.i.tz, and Eck, and then continues."Now, then, I come to you, O Most Holy Father, and, prostrated at your feet, pray you, if possible, to put a curb on the enemies of the truth. But I c
- 64 [282] Venisse eum barbatum, bullatum, nummatum ... Ridebo et ego bullam sive ampullam. (L. Ep. i, p. 488.) On the third of October he was made acquainted with the papal letter."At length," says he, "this Roman bull has arrived. I despise it, and defy i
- 65 [298] "Oppressore, totius sacrae Scripturae." (Ibid.) [Sidenote: THE BULL BURNT BY LUTHER.]"Wherefore, I most humbly supplicate the most serene, most ill.u.s.trious, excellent, generous, n.o.ble, brave, sage, and prudent lords, Charles, the Roman emper
- 66 [314] "Und sollten's eitel Kinder in der Wiege seyn." (Ibid, p. 339.) "I am accused of rejecting the holy doctors of the Church. I reject them not: but since all those doctors try to prove their writings by Holy Scripture, it must be clearer and more
- 67 [330] ... Sonderliche Gunst und Gnade zu mir unwurdiglich und den grossen Willen und l.u.s.t zer der heiligen gottlichen Wahrheit ... (L.Ep. i, p. 548, to John Frederick, 30th October, 1520.) [331] "a.s.siduo flabello ministrorum, illi jugiter suadentium
- 68 They may indeed refuse us the sacrament, but they cannot deprive us of the strength and grace which G.o.d has attached to it.--G.o.d has placed salvation neither in their will nor in their power but in our faith.Leave their sacrament, altar, priest, churc
- 69 [373] Ab ordinis et Papae legibus solutus....quod gaudeo et amplector.(Ibid., p. 568.) [374] ....Compos mei non sum, rapior nescio quo spiritu, c.u.m nemini me male velle conscius sim. (Ibid, p. 555.) [Sidenote: CONQUESTS BY THE WORD OF G.o.d.]Thus both t
- 70 But the coldness of the Diet did not try the patience of the legate so much as the coldness of Rome. Rome, which had so long refused to take a serious view of the quarrel of the drunk German, had no idea that a bull of the sovereign pontiff could prove in
- 71 "What an excellent book that of Luther's on 'Christian Liberty,'" said he to the chancellor when he saw him a few days after--"what wisdom!what talent! what intellect! it is just the style in which a true scholar ought to write. Let unexceptionable
- 72 "Shall I enumerate all the crimes of this audacious monk? He sins against the dead, for he denies purgatory; he sins against heaven, for he says, he would not believe an angel from heaven; he sins against the Church, for he pretends that all Christians a
- 73 [Sidenote: LUTHER'S PEACE.]The man who was thus agitating the mighty of the earth was the only one who seemed to be at peace. The news from Worms were alarming. Even Luther's friends were frightened. "Nothing now is left us but our wishes and our praye
- 74 _Luther._--"In the evening when we are drunk; but in the morning we call ourselves Leo lord of all the lords."_The Pope._--"The Roman bishops, our predecessors, have been wont, on this festival, to employ the weapons of righteousness."..._Luther._--"
- 75 At this time arrived at Wittemberg a man who, like Melancthon, was destined to be Luther's friend through life, and to console him at the moment of his departure.[454] It was a priest of thirty-six years of age, named Bugenhagen, who had fled from the se
- 76 [473] "Velut organum quoddam electum ad ill.u.s.trandam filii sui Jesu gloriam." (Erasmi Ep. v. 27.) [474] Vir est quem oportuit multo pretio emptum et servatum in terra.(Weismanni, p. 1436.) [475] Pomera.n.u.s est grammaticus, ego sum dialecticus, Jona
- 77 Meanwhile Spalatin himself began to be troubled and afraid. Surrounded at Worms by the enemies of the Reformation, he heard them saying that no respect should be paid to the safe-conduct of a heretic. He became alarmed for his friend; and at the moment wh
- 78 At length the doors of the hall being opened, Luther entered, and many persons not belonging to the Diet made their way in along with him.Never had man appeared before an a.s.sembly so august. The emperor Charles V, whose dominions embraced the old and th
- 79 a.s.suredly it might have been denied you, since every one ought to be sufficiently instructed in matters of faith to be able always to render an account of it to whosoever asks,--you above all, so great and able a doctor of Holy Scripture.... Now, then,
- 80 A deep impression had been produced on the heads of the empire. Luther had observed this, and it had increased his courage. The servants of the pope were angry at John Eck for not having oftener interrupted the guilty monk. Several princes and n.o.bles we
- 81 If we do not maintain the decrees of our fathers, there will be nothing but confusion in the Church. The distinguished princes now listening to me take a particular interest in your safety. But if you persist, the emperor will banish you from the empire,[
- 82 _Archbishop._--"Ah, I fear they are the very ones which will be asked."_Luther._--"Then sooner sacrifice my body and my life--better allow my legs and arms to be cut off than abandon the clear and genuine word of G.o.d."[572][572] Ehe Stumpf und Stiel
- 83 [585] "c.u.m Caesar in templo adesset ... processit illi obviam Aleander." (Pallavicini, i. p. 22.) [586] "Festivissimo vultu." (Ibid.) [587] "Et undique pervulgata." (Ibid.) "We Charles Fifth," said the emperor, (then followed all his t.i.tles,)
- 84 Movements in Switzerland--Source of the Reformation--Democratic Character--Foreign Service--Morality--The Tockenburg--An Alpine Hut--A Pastoral Family.At the moment when the decree of the Diet of Worms appeared, a continually increasing movement was begin
- 85 In 1507 great excitement prevailed in the town of Berne. A young man of Zurzach, named John Jetzer, having one day presented himself at this same Dominican convent, had been repulsed. The poor youth in despair had returned to the charge, holding in his ha
- 86 [628] Fabelgedicht vom Ochsen und etlichen Thieren, iez loufender dinge begriffenlich. (Ibid. p. 257.) [Sidenote: ZUINGLIUS IN ITALY.]In April, 1512, the confederates rose anew at the bidding of the cardinal, for the deliverance of the Church. Glaris was
- 87 [650] Omnium vere spiritualium et eruditorum admiratione Christum predicavit. (Ibid.) He preached Christ to the admiration of all who were truly learned and spiritually minded.[651] Nihil in sacris literis praeter Christum quaerendum. (Erasmi, Ep., p. 403
- 88 His favourite design was to form a society of well-informed men in his convent; and it was for this reason he had given a call to Zuinglius.Eager for instruction and reading, he begged his new friend to direct him. "Read the Holy Scriptures," replied Zu
- 89 Seven centuries had elapsed since Charlemagne had attached a college of canons to this cathedral, over whose school Oswald Myconius then presided. These canons having degenerated from their first inst.i.tution, and desiring in their benefices to enjoy the
- 90 He continued thus to expound St. Matthew, according to the original Greek. He showed how the whole Bible found at once its exposition and its application in the very nature of man. Delivering the loftiest truths of the gospel in simple language, his preac
- 91 _The Monk_ (in a solemn tone).--"The pope is above the bishop. I enjoin you not to deprive your flock of this distinguished grace."_The Dean._--"Should it cost me my life, I won't open my church."_The Monk_ (with indignation).--"Rebellious priest! i
- 92 [738] Nun ist est um Min Zung ist stumm ........Darum ist Zyt Das du min stryt. (Zw. Op. ii, part ii, p. 271.) Canon Hoffman, sincere in his own belief, could not bear the idea of allowing Zuinglius to die in the errors which he had preached.Accordingly h
- 93 The tumult increased; and there was reason to fear that, on Capito's departure, it would become still more serious. "I will be almost alone," thought Hedio, "poor I, to struggle with these formidable monsters."[759] Accordingly, he invoked the a.s.si
- 94 [780] Quam concors sit Spiritus Dei, dum nos tam procul dissiti, nihil colludentes, tam concorditer Christi doctrinam docemus. (Ibid., p.276.) How well the Spirit of G.o.d accords, since we, who are placed at such a distance from each other, with no collu
- 95 (Ibid., p. 159.) [804] Im ne in mentem eum admitterem. (Zw. Ep. p. 159.) The senate a.s.sembled: for the people began to be tumultuous. "He is a Lutheran," said one of the counsellors: "he is a propagator of new doctrines," said another: "he is a sed
- 96 [819] Infirmos quosdam nuper Christo lucrifactos sacerdotes offensos ea sentirem ex tacitis palloribus ac suspiriis. (Ibid., p. 9.) I could see, by the silent paleness and sighs of certain priests lately gained to Christ, and not well confirmed, that they
- 97 [Sidenote: ARCHETELES.]The day following that on which Zuinglius received this mysterious letter, at the moment when Staheli was going to enter the church of Eau, a chaplain stopped him and said, "Make all haste and quit the house of Zuinglius; a catastr
- 98 O n.o.ble army of the sainted host, Take pity on our doleful plight; Our cousin, our ill.u.s.trious boast, From life, alas, has taken flight.Expence we grudge not; cheerfully we'll pay For priests, monks, and nuns, in costly array: Yea, one hundred crown
- 99 The reformed doctrine, ascending the Rhine, made its way as far as ancient Rhaetia. One day, a stranger from Zurich crossed the river, and waited on the saddler of Flasch, the frontier village of the Grisons.Christian Anhorn, the saddler, listened in asto
- 100 [884] Venit puer, quam misisti, inter prandendum.... (Ibid., p. 209.) [Sidenote: STATE OF MATTERS AT LUCERNE.]Thus the crisis approached in Lucerne: the sh.e.l.l had fallen, and could not but burst. The guests read the pet.i.tions. "May G.o.d bless this