The Life of John Marshall
Chapter 61 : [52] Jefferson to Madison, April 28, 1793; _Works_: Ford, vii, 301.[53] For examples of

[52] Jefferson to Madison, April 28, 1793; _Works_: Ford, vii, 301.

[53] For examples of these, see Hazen, 220-45.

[54] Graydon, 363.

[55] Freneau's _National Gazette_ defended the execution of the King and the excesses of the Terror. (Hazen, 256; and see Cobbett, iii, 4.) While Cobbett, an Englishman, was a fanatic against the whole democratic movement, and while his opinions are violently prejudiced, his statements of fact are generally trustworthy. "I have seen a bundle of Gazettes published all by the same man, wherein Mirabeau, Fayette, Brissot, Danton, Robespierre, and Barras, are all panegyrized and execrated in due succession." (_Ib._, i, 116.) Cobbett did his best to turn the radical tide, but to no purpose. "Alas!" he exclaimed, "what can a straggling pamphlet ... do against a hundred thousand volumes of miscellaneous falsehood in folio?" (_Ib._, iii, 5.)

[56] See next chapter.

[57] Fenno to Hamilton, Nov. 9, 1793; King, i, 501-02. "The hand of benevolence & _patriotism_" was extended, it appears: "If you can ...

raise 1000 Dollars in New York, I will endeavor to raise another Thousand at Philadelphia. If this cannot be done, we must lose his [Fenno's and the _Gazette of the United States_] services & he will be the Victim of his honest public spirit." (Hamilton to King, Nov. 11, 1793; King, i, 502.)

[58] Cobbett, i, footnote to 114. Curiously enough Louis XVI had believed that he was leading the French people in the reform movement.

Thomas Paine, who was then in Paris, records that "The King ... prides himself on being the head of the revolution." (Paine to Was.h.i.+ngton, May 1, 1790; _Cor. Rev._: Sparks, iv, 328.)

[59] Cobbett, i, 113-14; and see Hazen, 258. For other accounts of the "feasts" in honor of _liberte, egalite, et fraternite_, in America, see _ib._, 165-73.

[60] Cobbett, i, 113.

[61] For instance, the younger Adams wrote that the French Revolution had "contributed more to ... Vandalic ignorance than whole centuries can retrieve.... The myrmidons of Robespierre were as ready to burn libraries as the followers of Omar; and if the principle is finally to prevail which puts the sceptre of Sovereignty in the hands of European Sans Culottes, they will soon reduce everything to the level of their own ignorance." (John Quincy Adams to his father, July 27, 1795; _Writings, J. Q. A._: Ford, i, 389.)

And James A. Bayard wrote that: "The Barbarians who inundated the Roman Empire and broke to pieces the inst.i.tutions of the civilized world, in my opinion innovated the state of things not more than the French revolution." (Bayard to Ba.s.sett, Dec. 30, 1797; _Bayard Papers_: Donnan, 47.)

[62] Freneau, iii, 86.

[63] Marshall, ii, 387.

[64] Austria.

[65] Marshall, ii, 387.

[66] "They have long considered the M^{is} de lafayette as really the firmest supporter of the principles of liberty in France--& as they are for the most part no friends to these principles anywhere, they cannot conceal the pleasure they [the aristocracy at The Hague] feel at their [principles of liberty] supporters' being thus expelled from the country where he laboured to establish them." (Short to Jefferson, Aug. 24, 1792; Short MSS., Lib. Cong.)

[67] Cobbett, i, 112.

[68] _Ib._ When the corporation of New York City thus took all monarchy out of its streets, Noah Webster suggested that, logically, the city ought to get rid of "this vile aristocratical name New York"; and, why not, inquired he, change the name of Kings County, Queens County, and Orange County? "Nay," exclaimed the sarcastic savant, "what will become of the people named King? Alas for the liberties of such people!"

(Hazen, 216.)

[69] Hazen, 218.

[70] J. Q. Adams, to T. B. Adams, Feb. 1, 1792; _Writings, J. Q. A._: Ford, i, 111-13.

[71] Stuart to Was.h.i.+ngton, July 14, 1789; _Cor. Rev._: Sparks, iv, 265-66; and see Randolph to Madison, May 19, 1789; Conway, 124.

[72] See Hazen, 209-15.

[73] _Ib._, 213.

[74] See Hazen, 215.

[75] Cobbett, i, 111.

[76] For an impartial and comprehensive account of these clubs see Hazen, 188-208; also, Marshall, ii, 269 _et seq._ At first many excellent and prominent men were members; but these withdrew when the clubs fell under the control of less unselfish and high-minded persons.

[77] Was.h.i.+ngton to Thruston, Aug. 10, 1794; _Writings_: Ford, xii, 451.

[78] Was.h.i.+ngton to Randolph, Oct. 16, 1794; _ib._, 475; and see Was.h.i.+ngton to Lee, Aug. 26, 1794; _ib._, 455.

[79] Cabot to Parsons, Aug. 12, 1794; Lodge: _Cabot_, 79.

[80] J. Q. Adams to John Adams, Oct. 19, 1790; _Writings, J. Q. A._: Ford, i, 64.

[81] Jefferson to Rutledge, Aug. 29, 1791; _Works_: Ford, vi, 309.

[82] See Hazen, 203-07.

[83] September 18, 1794.

[84] Ames to Dwight, Sept. 11, 1794; _Works_: Ames, i, 150.

[85] Cabot to King, July 25, 1795; Lodge: _Cabot_, 80.

[86] Ames to Gore, March 26, 1794; _Works_: Ames, i, 139.

[87] Ames to Minot, Feb. 20, 1793; _ib._, 128.

[88] Ames to Gore, Jan. 28, 1794; _ib._, 134.

[89] Ames to Dwight, Sept. 3, 1794; _ib._, 148.

[90] Henry to Was.h.i.+ngton, Oct. 16, 1795; Henry, ii, 559.

[91] _Ib._, 576.

[92] Marshall, ii, 353.

[93] _Ib._, 269.

[94] Marshall, ii, 353-54.

CHAPTER II

A VIRGINIA NATIONALIST

Lace Congress up straitly within the enumerated powers.

(Jefferson.)