History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880
Chapter 57 : PROGRESS OF THE SLAVE-TRADE.--A GREAT WAR FOR THE EMANc.i.p.aTION OF THE COLONIES, FROM

PROGRESS OF THE SLAVE-TRADE.--A GREAT WAR FOR THE EMANc.i.p.aTION OF THE COLONIES, FROM POLITICAL BONDAGE.--CONDITION OF THE SOUTHERN STATES DURING THE WAR.--THE VIRGINIA DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.--IMMEDIATE LEGISLATION AGAINST SLAVERY DEMANDED.--ADVERTIs.e.m.e.nT FROM "THE INDEPENDENT CHRONICLE."--PEt.i.tION OF Ma.s.sACHUSETTS STATES.--AN ACT PREVENTING THE PRACTICE OF HOLDING PERSONS IN SLAVERY.--ADVERTIs.e.m.e.nT FROM "THE CONTINENTAL JOURNAL."--A LAW Pa.s.sED IN VIRGINIA LIMITING THE RIGHTS OF SLAVES.--LAW DEMANDING ALL SLAVES WHO SERVED IN THE ARMY.--NEW YORK PROMISES HER NEGRO SOLDIERS FREEDOM.--A CONSCIENTIOUS MINORITY IN FAVOR OF THE ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE.--SLAVERY FLOURISHES DURING THE ENTIRE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.

The thunder of the guns of the Revolution did not drown the voice of the auctioneer. The slave-trade went on. A great war for the emanc.i.p.ation of the colonies from the political bondage into which the British Parliament fain would precipitate them did not depreciate the market value of human flesh. Those whose hearts were not enlisted in the war skulked in the rear, and gloated over the blood-stained shekels they wrung from the domestic slave-trade. While the precarious condition of the Southern States during the war made legislation in support of the inst.i.tution of slavery impolitic, there were, nevertheless, many severe laws in force during this entire period. In the New England and Middle States there was heard an occasional voice for the oppressed; but it was generally strangled at the earliest moment of its being by that h.e.l.l-born child, avarice. On the 21st of September, 1776, William Gordon of Roxbury, Ma.s.s., wrote,--

The Virginians begin their Declaration of Rights with saying,'that _all _ men are born equally free and independent, and have certain inherent natural rights, of which they cannot, by any compact, deprive themselves or their posterity; among which are the enjoyment of life and _liberty_.' The Congress declare that they 'hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created _equal_, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain _inalienable rights_, that among these are life, _liberty_ and pursuit of happiness.' The Continent has rung with affirmations of the like import. If these, Gentlemen, are our genuine sentiments, and we are not provoking the Deity, by acting hypocritically to serve a turn, let us apply earnestly and heartily to the extirpation of slavery from among ourselves. Let the State allow of nothing beyond servitude for a stipulated number of years, and that only for seven or eight, when persons are of age, or till they are of age: and let the descendants of the Africans born among us, be viewed as free-born; and be wholly at their own disposal when one-and-twenty, the latter part of which age will compensate for the expense of infancy, education, and so on."

No one gave heed. Two months later, Nov. 14, there appeared in "The Independent Chronicle" of Boston a plan for gradual emanc.i.p.ation; and on the 28th of the same month, in the same paper there appeared a communication demanding specific and immediate legislation against slavery. But all seemed vain: there were few moral giants among the friends of "liberty for all;" and the comparative silence of the press and pulpit gave the advocates of human slavery an easy victory.

Boston, the home of Warren, and the city that witnessed the first holy offering to liberty, busied herself through all the perilous years of the war in buying and selling human beings. The following are but a few of the many advertis.e.m.e.nts that appeared in the papers of the city of Boston during the war:--[622]

From "The Independent Chronicle," Oct. 3, 1776:--

"_To be_ SOLD A stout, hearty, likely NEGRO GIRL, fit for either Town or Country. Inquire of Mr. _Andrew Gillespie, Dorchester, Octo., 1., 1776._"

From the same, Oct. 10:--

"A hearty NEGRO MAN, with a small sum of Money to be given away."

From the same, Nov. 28:--

"To SELL--A Hearty likely NEGRO WENCH about 12 or 13 Years of Age, has had the Small Pox, can wash, iron, card, and spin, etc., for no other Fault but for want of Employ."

From the same, Feb. 27, 1777:--

"WANTED a NEGRO GIRL between 12 and 20 Years of Age, for which a good Price will be given, if she can be recommended."

From "The Continental Journal," April 3, 1777:--

"_To be_ SOLD, a likely Negro Man, twenty-two years old, has had the small-pox, can do any sort of business; sold for want of employment."

_To be_ SOLD, a large, commodious Dwelling House, Barn, and Out-houses, with any quant.i.ty of land from 1 to 50 acres, as the Purchaser shall choose within 5 miles of Boston. Also a smart well-tempered NEGRO BOY of 14 years old, not to go out of this State and _sold for_ 15 _years only, if he continues to behave well_."

From "The Independent Chronicle," May 8, 1777:--

"_To be_ SOLD, for want of employ, a likely strong NEGRO GIRL, about 18 years old, understands all sorts of household business, and can be well recommended."

The strange and trying vicissitudes through which the colonies had pa.s.sed exposed their hypocrisy, revealed the weakness of their government, and forced them to another attempt at the extirpation of slavery. The valorous conduct of the Negro soldiers in the army had greatly encouraged their friends and emboldened their brethren, who still suffered from the curse of slavery. The latter were not silent when an opportunity presented to claim the rights they felt their due.

On the 18th of March, 1777, the following pet.i.tion was addressed, by the slaves in Boston, to the Legislature:--

"PEt.i.tION OF Ma.s.sACHUSETTS SLAVES.

"The pet.i.tion of a great number of negroes, who are detained in a state of slavery in the very bowels of a free and Christian country, humbly showing,--

"That your pet.i.tioners apprehend that they have, in common with all other men, a natural and inalienable right to that freedom, which the great Parent of the universe hath bestowed equally on all mankind, and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever. But they were unjustly dragged by the cruel hand of power from their dearest friends, and some of them even torn from the embraces of their tender parents,--from a populous, pleasant and plentiful country, and in violation of the laws of nature and of nations, and in defiance of all the tender feelings of humanity, brought hither to be sold like beasts of burthen, and, like them, condemned to slavery for life--among a people possessing the mild religion of Jesus--a people not insensible of the sweets of national freedom, nor without a spirit to resent the unjust endeavors of others to reduce them to a state of bondage and subjection.

"Your Honors need not to be informed that a life of slavery like that of your pet.i.tioners, deprived of every social privilege, of every thing requisite to render life even tolerable, is far worse than non-existence.

"In imitation of the laudable example of the good people of these States, your pet.i.tioners have long and patiently waited the event of pet.i.tion after pet.i.tion, by them presented to the legislative body of this State, and cannot but with grief reflect that their success has been but too similar.

"They cannot but express their astonishment that it has never been considered, that every principle from which America has acted, in the course of her unhappy difficulties with Great Britain, bears stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your humble pet.i.tioners. They therefore humbly beseech Your Honors to give their pet.i.tion its due weight and consideration, and cause an act of the legislature to be pa.s.sed, whereby they may be restored to the enjoyment of that freedom, which is the natural right of all men, and their children (who were born in this land of liberty) may not be held as slaves after they arrive at the age of twenty-one years. So may the inhabitants of this State (no longer chargeable with the inconsistency of acting themselves the part which they condemn and oppose in others) be prospered in their glorious struggles for liberty, and have those blessings secured to them by Heaven, of which benevolent minds cannot wish to deprive their fellow men.

"And your pet.i.tioners, as in duty bound, shall ever pray:--

LANCASTER HILL, PETER BESS, BRISTER SLENFEN, PRINCE HALL, JACK PIERPONT, [his X mark.]

NERO FUNELO, [his X mark.]

NEWPORT SUMNER, [his X mark.]"

The following entry, bearing the same date, was made:--

"A pet.i.tion of Lancaster Hill, and a number of other Negroes praying the Court to take into consideration their state of bondage, and pa.s.s an act whereby they may be restored to the enjoyment of that freedom which is the natural right of all men. Read and committed to Judge Sargent, Mr. Dalton, Mr.

Appleton, Col. Brooks, and Mr. Story."

There is no record of the action of the committee, if any were ever had; but at the afternoon session of the Legislature, Monday, June 9, 1777, a bill was introduced to prevent "the Practice of holding persons in Slavery." It was "read a first time, and ordered to be read again on Friday next, at 10 o'clock A.M." Accordingly, on the 13th of June, the bill was "read a second time, and after Debate thereon, it was moved and seconded, That the same lie upon the Table, and that Application be made to Congress on the subject thereof; and the Question being put, it pa.s.sed in the affirmative, and Mr. Speaker, Mr.

Wendell, and Col. Orne, were appointed a Committee to prepare a letter to Congress accordingly, and report." The last action, as far as indicated by the journal, was had on Sat.u.r.day, June 14, when "the Committee appointed to prepare a Letter to Congress, on the subject of the Bill for preventing the Practice of holding Persons in Slavery, reported." It was "Read and ordered to lie."[623] And so it did "lie,"

for that was the end of the matter.

Judge Sargent, who was chairman of the committee appointed on the 18th of March, 1777, was doubtless the author of the following bill:--

"STATE OF Ma.s.sACHUSETTS BAY. IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD, 1777.

"AN ACT for preventing the practice of holding persons in Slavery.

"WHEREAS, the practice of holding Africans and the children born of them, or any other persons, in Slavery, is unjustifiable in a civil government, at a time when they are a.s.serting their natural freedom; wherefore, for preventing such a practice for the future, and establis.h.i.+ng to every person residing within the State the invaluable blessing of liberty.

"_Be it Enacted_, by the Council and House of Representatives, in General Court a.s.sembled, and by the authority of the same,--That all persons, whether black or of other complexion, above 21 years of age, now held in Slavery, shall, from and after the ---- day of ---- next, be free from any subjection to any master or mistress, who have claimed their servitude by right of purchase, heirs.h.i.+p, free gift, or otherwise, and they are hereby ent.i.tled to all the freedom, rights, privileges and immunities that do, or ought of right to belong to any of the subjects of this State, any usage or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.

"_And be it Enacted_, by the authority aforesaid, that all written deeds, bargains, sales or conveyances, or contracts without writing, whatsoever, for conveying or transferring any property in any person, or to the service and labor of any person whatsoever, of more than twenty-one years of age, to a third person, except by order of some court of record for some crime, that has been, or hereafter shall be made, or by their own voluntary contract for a term not exceeding seven years, shall be and hereby are declared null and void.

"And WHEREAS, divers persons now have in their service negroes, mulattoes or others who have been deemed their slaves or property, and who are now incapable of earning their living by reason of age or infirmities, and may be desirous of continuing in the service of their masters or mistresses,--_be it therefore Enacted_, by the authority aforesaid, that whatever negro or mulatto, who shall be desirous of continuing in the service of his master or mistress, and shall voluntarily declare the same before two justices of the County in which said master or mistress resides, shall have a right to continue in the service, and to a maintenance from their master or mistress, and if they are incapable of earning their living, shall be supported by the said master or mistress, or their heirs, during the lives of said servants, any thing in this act to the contrary notwithstanding.

"_Provided_, nevertheless, that nothing in this act shall be understood to prevent any master of a vessel or other person from bringing into this State any persons, not Africans, from any other part of the world, except the United States of America, and selling their service for a term of time not exceeding five years, if twenty-one years of age, or, if under twenty-one, not exceeding the time when he or she so brought into the State shall be twenty-six years of age, to pay for and in consideration of the transportation and other charges said master of vessel or other person may have been at, agreeable to contracts made with the persons so transported, or their patents or guardians in their behalf, before they are brought from their own country."[624]

On the back of the bill the following indors.e.m.e.nt was written by some officer of the Legislature: "Ordered to lie till the second Wednesday of the next Session of the General Court." This might have ended the struggle for the extinction of slavery in Ma.s.sachusetts, had not the people at this time made an earnest demand for a State const.i.tution.

As the character of the const.i.tution was discussed, the question of slavery divided public sentiment. If it were left out of the const.i.tution, then the claims of the master would forever lack the force of law; if it were inserted as part of the const.i.tution, it would evidence the insincerity of the people in their talk about the equality of the rights of man, etc. The Legislature--Convention of 1777-78--prepared, debated, and finally approved and submitted to the people, a draught of a const.i.tution for the State, on the 28th of February, 1778. The framers of the const.i.tution seemed to lack the courage necessary to declare in favor of the freedom of the faithful blacks who had rendered such efficient aid to the cause of the colonists. The prevailing sentiment of the people demanded an article in the const.i.tution denying Negroes the right of citizens. It may be fortunate for the fame of the Commonwealth that the record of the debates on the article denying Negroes the right of suffrage has not been preserved. The article is here given:--

"V. Every male inhabitant of any town in this State, being _free_, and twenty-one years of age, _excepting Negroes, Indians and Mulattoes_, shall be int.i.tled to vote for a Representative or Representatives, as the case may be," etc.

By this article three cla.s.ses of inhabitants were excluded from the rights, blessings, and duties of citizens.h.i.+p; and the inst.i.tution of slavery was recognized as existing by sanction of law. But the const.i.tution was rejected by the people, by an overwhelming majority; not, however, on account of the fifth article, but because the instrument was obnoxious to them on general principles.

The defeat of the const.i.tution did not temper public sentiment on the question of Negro slavery, for the very next year the domestic trade seemed to receive a fresh impetus. The following advertis.e.m.e.nts furnish abundant proof of the undiminished vigor of the enterprise.

From "The Continental Journal," Nov. 25, 1779:--

"_To be_ SOLD A likely NEGRO GIRL, 16 years of Age, for no fault, but want of employ."

From the same, Dec. 16, 1779:--

"_To be_ SOLD, A Strong likely NEGRO GIRL," etc.