International Law. A Treatise
Chapter 79 : (5) For the purpose of revising the previous cholera and plague conventions and amalgam

(5) For the purpose of revising the previous cholera and plague conventions and amalgamating them into one doc.u.ment, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Spain, the United States of America, France, Italy, Luxemburg, Montenegro, Holland, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Switzerland, and Egypt signed on December 3, 1903, the International Sanitary Convention of Paris.[1003] Denmark, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, and Zanzibar acceded later. It is, however, of importance to mention that the previous sanitary conventions remain in force for those signatory Powers who do not become parties to this convention.

[Footnote 1003: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. I. p. 78, and Treaty Series, 1907, No. 27.]

(6) For the purpose of organising the International Office of Public Health contemplated by the Sanitary Convention of Paris of December 3, 1903, Great Britain, Belgium, Brazil, Spain, the United States of America, France, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Russia, Switzerland, and Egypt signed at Rome on December 9, 1907, an agreement[1004] concerning the establishment of such an office at Paris;[1005] but it would seem that Holland and Portugal have not yet ratified. Argentina, Bulgaria, Mexico, Persia, Peru, Servia, Sweden, and Tunis acceded later.

[Footnote 1004: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. II. p. 913, and Treaty Series, 1909, No. 6.]

[Footnote 1005: See above, -- 471_b_.]

[Sidenote: Pharmacopoeia.]

-- 591. On November 29, 1906, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Spain, the United States of America, France, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Norway, Holland, Russia, Servia, Sweden, and Switzerland signed at Brussels an agreement concerning the Unification of the Pharmacopoeial Formulas for Potent Drugs.[1006]

[Footnote 1006: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. I. p. 592, and Treaty Series, 1907, No. 1.]

[Sidenote: Humanity.]

-- 592. In the interest of humanity two Unions--although the term "Union"

is not made use of in the treaties--are in existence, namely, that concerning Slave Trade and that concerning the so-called White Slave Traffic.

(1) A treaty concerning slave trade[1007] was already in 1841 concluded between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia. And article 9 of the General Act of the Berlin Congo Conference of 1885 likewise dealt with the matter. But it was not until 1890 that a Union for the suppression of the slave trade came into existence. This Union was established by the General Act[1008] of the Brussels Conference, signed on July 2, 1890, and possesses two International Offices,[1009] namely, the International Maritime Office at Zanzibar and the Bureau Special attached to the Foreign Office at Brussels. The signatory Powers are:--Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Congo Free State, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Persia, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway, the United States of America, Turkey, and Zanzibar. Liberia acceded later.

[Footnote 1007: See above, -- 292, p. 368, note 2.]

[Footnote 1008: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XVI. p. 3.]

[Footnote 1009: See above, -- 468.]

(2) On May 18, 1904, an Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic[1010] was signed at Paris by Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden-Norway, and Switzerland. Brazil and Luxemburg acceded later. A further Agreement concerning the subject was signed at Paris on May 4, 1910, by thirteen States, but has not yet been ratified.

[Footnote 1010: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. x.x.xII. p. 160, and Treaty Series, 1905, No. 24--See also Butz, "Die Bekampfung des Madchenhandels im internationalen Recht" (1908); Rehm in Z.V. I. (1907), pp. 446-453.]

[Sidenote: Preservation of Animal World.]

-- 593. Two general treaties are in existence for the purpose of preserving certain animals in certain parts of the world:--

(1) In behalf of the preservation of wild animals, birds, and fish in Africa, the Convention of London[1011] was signed on May 19, 1900, by Great Britain, the Congo Free State, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain; Liberia acceded later. However, this convention has not yet been ratified.

[Footnote 1011: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. x.x.x. p. 430.]

(2) In behalf of the prevention of the extinction of the seals in the Behring Sea, the Pelagic Sealing Convention[1012] of Was.h.i.+ngton was signed on July 7, 1911, by Great Britain, the United States of America, j.a.pan, and Russia, but has not yet been ratified.

[Footnote 1012: See above, -- 284.]

[Sidenote: Private International Law.]

-- 594. Various general treaties have been concluded for the purpose of establis.h.i.+ng uniform rules concerning subjects of the so-called Private International Law:--

(1) Already on November 14, 1896, a general treaty concerning the conflict of laws relative to procedure in civil cases was concluded at the Hague. But this treaty was replaced by the Convention[1013] of the Hague of July 17, 1905, which is signed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, Luxemburg, Norway, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland.

[Footnote 1013: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. II. p. 243.]

(2) On June 12, 1902, likewise at the Hague, were signed three conventions[1014] for the purpose of regulating the conflict of laws concerning marriage, divorce, and guardians.h.i.+p. The signatory Powers are Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Luxemburg, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Sweden, and Switzerland.

[Footnote 1014: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. x.x.xI. pp. 706, 715, 724.]

(3) Again at the Hague, on July 17, 1905, were signed two conventions for the purpose of regulating the conflict of laws concerning the effect of marriage upon the personal relations and the property of husband and wife, and concerning the placing of adults under guardians or curators.

The signatory Powers are Germany, France, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, and Sweden.[1015]

[Footnote 1015: Meili and Mamelok, "Das internationale Privat und Zivilprozessrecht auf Grund der Haager Konventionen" (1911), offers a digest of all the Hague Conventions concerned.]

[Sidenote: American Republics.]

-- 595. The first Pan-American Conference held at Was.h.i.+ngton in 1889 created the International Union of the American Republics for prompt collection and distribution of commercial information.[1016] This Union of the twenty-one independent States of America established an International Office at Was.h.i.+ngton, called at first "The American International Bureau," but the fourth Pan-American Conference, held at Buenos Ayres in 1910, changed the name of the Office[1017] to "The Pan-American Union." At the same time this conference considerably extended[1018] the scope of the task of this Bureau to include, besides other objects, the function of a permanent commission of the Pan-American Conferences which has to keep the archives, to a.s.sist in obtaining the ratification of the resolutions and conventions adopted, to study or initiate projects to be included in the programme of the conferences, to communicate them to the several Governments, and to formulate the programme and regulations of each successive conference.

[Footnote 1016: See Barrett, "The Pan-American Union" (1911).]

[Footnote 1017: See above, -- 467_a_.]

[Footnote 1018: See Reinsch, "Public International Unions" (1911), p.

117.]

[Sidenote: Science.]

-- 596. In the interest of scientific research the following Unions[1019]

have been established:--

[Footnote 1019: The conventions which have created these Unions would seem to be nowhere officially published and are, therefore, not to be found in the Treaty Series or in Martens. The dates and facts mentioned in the text are based on private and such information as can be gathered from the _Annuaire de la Vie Internationale_, 1908-1909, pp. 389-401.]

(1) On October 30, 1886, Great Britain, Germany, Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, the United States of America, France, Greece, Italy, j.a.pan, Mexico, Norway, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland signed a convention at Berlin for the purpose of creating an International Geodetic a.s.sociation.

Already in 1864 a number of States had entered at Berlin into an a.s.sociation concerning geodetic work in Central Europe, and in 1867 the scope of the a.s.sociation was expanded to the whole of Europe, but it was not until 1886 that the geodetic work of the whole world was made the object of the Geodetic a.s.sociation. The convention of 1886, however, was revised and a new convention was signed at Berlin on October 11, 1895.[1020] The a.s.sociation, which arranges an international conference every three years, possesses a Central Office at Berlin.

[Footnote 1020: For the text of this Convention, see _Annuaire de la Vie Internationale_, 1908-1909, p. 390.]

(2) On July 28, 1903, was signed at Strasburg a convention for the purpose of creating an International Seismologic a.s.sociation. This convention was revised on August 15, 1905, at Berlin.[1021] The following States are parties:--Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chili, Spain, the United States of America, France, Greece, Italy, j.a.pan, Mexico, Norway, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, and Switzerland. The a.s.sociation, which arranges an international conference at least once in every four years, has a Central Office at Strasburg.

[Footnote 1021: The text of this Convention is not published in the _Annuaire de la Vie Internationale_, 1908-1909, but its predecessor of 1903 is published there on p. 393.]

(3) On May 11, 1901, a convention was signed at Christiania for the International Hydrographic and Biologic Investigation of the North Sea.[1022] The parties are Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Holland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. The a.s.sociation possesses a Central Office.

[Footnote 1022: For the text of this Convention, see _Annuaire de la Vie Internationale_, 1908-1909, p. 397.]