The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India
Chapter 198 : [514] Vol. i. pp. 178-184.[515] Webb's _Heritage of Dress_, p. 33.[516] _Bombay G

[514] Vol. i. pp. 178-184.

[515] Webb's _Heritage of Dress_, p. 33.

[516] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 180, quoting from Ovington, _Voyage to Surat_, p. 280.

[517] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 180.

[518] _Bombay Gazetteer, Nasik_, p. 50.

[519] According to another account Namdeo belonged to Marwar. Mr. Maclagan's _Punjab Census Report_ (1891), p. 144.

[520] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), para. 231.

[521] This article is partly based on a note by Mr. Gokul Prasad, Tahsildar, Dhamtari.

[522] This article is based entirely on a paper by Rai Bahadur Panda Baijnath, Superintendent, Bastar State.

[523] Compiled mainly from a paper by Kanhya Lal, clerk in the Gazetteer office.

[524] Cf. the two meanings of the word 'stock' in English.

[525] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Dhanuk.

[526] _Eastern India_, i. 166, as quoted in Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_.

[527] Cf. the two perfectly distinct groups of Paiks or foot-soldiers found in Jubbulpore and the Uriya country.

[528] _Tribes and Castes of the N. W. P. and Oudh_, art. Basor.

[529] The following particulars are from a paper by Kanhya Lal, a clerk in the Gazetteer office belonging to the Educational Department.

[530] This article is based almost entirely on a monograph by Mr. Jeorakhan Lal, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Bilaspur.

[531] _Grewia vest.i.ta._

[532] The term brother's brother-in-law is abusive in the same sense as brother-in-law (_sala_) said by a man.

[533] See commencement of this article.

[534] _Cynodon dactylon._

[535] _Sh.o.r.ea robusta._

[536] This article is based partly on papers by Mr. Govind Moreshwar, Head Clerk, Mandla, and Mr. Pancham Lal, Naib-Tahsildar, Sihora. Much of the interesting information about the occupations of the caste was given to the writer by Babu Kali Prasanna Mukerji, Pleader, Saugor.

[537] As a rule a husband and wife never address each other by name.

[538] Among Hindus it is customary to give a little more than the proper sum on ceremonial occasions in order to show that there is no stint. Thus Rs. 1-4 is paid instead of a rupee.

[539] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 133.

[540] _Ibidem_, _l.c._

[541] _Ibidem_, _l.c._

[542] _Anthocephalus kadamba._

[543] From _ghat_, a steep hillside or slope; hence a river-crossing because of the banks sloping down to it.

[544] _Trapa bispinosa._

[545] _Jungle Life in India_, p. 137.

[546] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 132.

[547] The following notice of caste offences is from Mr. Govind Moreshwar's paper.

[548] Not probably on account of the commission of a crime, but because being sentenced to imprisonment involves the eating of ceremonially impure food. These rules are common to most Hindu castes, and the Dhimars are taken only as a typical example. They seem to have little or no connection with ordinary morality. But in Jhansi Mr. Crooke remarks that a Kahar is put out of caste for theft in his master's house. This again, however, might be considered as an offence against the community, tending to lower their corporate character in their business, and as such deserving of social punishment.

[549] This article is partly based on an account of the caste furnished by Mr. H. F. E. Bell and drawn up by Mr. F. R. R. Rudman in the _Mandla District Gazetteer_.

[550] _Folklore of Northern India_, vol. ii. p. 8.

[551] Sherring's _Hindu Castes_, i. 342-3.

[552] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Dhobi.

[553] _Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan._

[554] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 155.

[555] _Central Provinces Census Report_ (1891), p. 202.

[556] _Loc. cit._

[557] _Bihar Peasant Life, s.v._ Dhobi.

[558] _Ethnographic Notes in Southern India_, p. 226.

[559] _Behind the Bungalow._

[560] This article is mainly compiled from papers by Mr. Gokul Prasad, Naib-Tahsildar, Dhamtari, and Pyare Lal Misra, a clerk in the Gazetteer office.

[561] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Kandu.

[562] This article is taken almost entirely from a paper drawn up by Mr. Hira Lal, Extra a.s.sistant Commissioner.

[563] This article is mainly compiled from Sir E. D. Maclagan's _Punjab Census Report_ (1891), pp. 192-196, the article on Fakir in the Rev. T. P. Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam_, and the volume on _Muhammadans of Gujarat_ in the _Bombay Gazetteer_, pp. 20-24.