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The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Novel Chapters
List of most recent chapters published for the The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States novel. A total of 241 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024
Latest Release: Chapter 1 : The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.by Asa Gray.PREFACE.The first edi
The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.by Asa Gray.PREFACE.The first edition of Gray's Manual was published in 1848. It was to a great extent rewritten and its range extended in 1856, and it was again largely rewritten in 1867. The gr
- 1 The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.by Asa Gray.PREFACE.The first edition of Gray's Manual was published in 1848. It was to a great extent rewritten and its range extended in 1856, and it was again largely rewritten in 1867. The gr
- 2 [*] 3. Ovary inferior (except in Pa.s.sifloraceae and Ficoideae), 1-celled with parietal placentae or several-celled by the intrusion of the placentae; flowers regular, perfect or unis.e.xual; styles free or united; herbs.[+] Embryo straight; cotyledons f
- 3 69. Gentianaceae (p. 346). Glabrous herbs; leaves entire, sessile and simple (except in Menyanthes). Capsule 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae or the whole inner surface ovuliferous, many-seeded.[b.] Leaves alternate (sometimes opposite in Polemoniaceae
- 4 [+] 1. Ovary superior, 3-celled (1-celled in Crotonopsis) with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules in each cell; herbs.98. Euphorbiaceae (p. 451). Flowers moncious or dicious (involucrate and apparently perfect in Euphorbia). Mostly with milky juice, and usually alte
- 5 [+] 4. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments, the inner often petaloid, or none; carpels solitary or distinct (coherent in Triglochin); seeds without alb.u.men; aquatic or marsh plants, often moncious or dicious.125. Alismaceae (p. 553). Perianth of 6 segments, the
- 6 Flowers dicious; twiners with alternate leaves. MENISPERMACEae, 51 Flowers perfect; if climbers, the leaves opposite. Leaves not peltate; petals deciduous. RANUNCULACEae, 34 Leaves peltate; petals persistent. Brasenia, in NYMPHaeACEae, 55 Pistils several-
- 7 Style twice or thrice forked; flowers moncious.Crotonopsis, in EUPHORBIACEae, 458 Styles 5; ovule and seed only one. PLUMBAGINACEae, 327 Ovary 2--4-celled.Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; petals valvate. VITACEae, 112 Calyx 4--5-cleft, valvate in the bud;
- 8 Ovary sessile. SAXIFRAGACEae, 168 Ovary 2--several-celled. Flowers irregular. Anthers opening at the top, Six or eight and 1-celled; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. POLYGALACEae, 120 Ten and 2-celled; ovary 5-celled. Rhododendron, in ERICACEae, 286 Anthers open
- 9 Ovary 2--several-celled.Anthers opening by pores at the apex; style 1.MELASTOMACEae, 183 Anthers not opening by pores.Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. CELASTRACEae, 109 Stamens inserted on the calyx.Eight or four (rarely five); style 1. ONAG
- 10 One to three, always fewer than the corolla-lobes.VALERIANACEae, 228 Four or five; leaves opposite or whorled.Ovary 1-celled; flowers in a dense involucrate head.DIPSACEae, 229 Ovary 2--5-celled.Leaves whorled and without stipules. RUBIACEae, 222 Leaves
- 11 Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected by stipules or a stipular line. LOGANIACEae, 345 Leaves when opposite without stipules.Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so; style 1.ERICACEae, 309 Stamens almost free from the corolla; style none.
- 12 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. Xanthoxylum, in RUTACEae, 106 Leaves not dotted. Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. RANUNCULACEae, 34 Calyx absent; flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. PIPERACEae,
- 13 Three-nine-celled ovary; leaves heath-like. EMPETRACEae, 487 Three-celled ovary; leaves broad. RHAMNACEae, 111 One--two-celled ovary; styles or stigmas 2-cleft.URTICACEae, 461 One-celled ovary; style and stigma single and entire. Anthers opening longitudi
- 14 Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. IRIDACEae, 513 Stamens 6; flowers usually on a scape from a bulb.AMARYLLIDACEae, 515 [2.] _Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary._ Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy; leaves often equitant. HaeM
- 15 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME._Adans._--Adanson, Michel._Ait._--Aiton, William._Ait. f._--Aiton, William Townsend. _All._--Allioni, Carlo._Anders._--Andersson, Nils Johan._Arn._--Arnott, George A. Walker._Aust._--Austin, Coe F
- 16 _Lehm._--Lehmann, J. G. C._Less._--Lessing, Christian Friedrich._Light._--Lightfoot, John._Lindb._--Lindberg, s.e.xtus Otto._Lindenb._--Lindenberg, Johann B. W. _Lindl._--Lindley, John._Loisel._--Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J. L. A._Lour._--Loureiro, Juan._M
- 17 ! A mark of affirmation or authentication.Figures or words separated by a short dash (--) indicate the extremes of variation, as "5--10" long, few--many-flowered," i.e. varying from 5 to 10 lines in length, and with from few to many flowers
- 18 [+][+][+] Flowers unsymmetrical and irregular. Sepals 5.17. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms; the upper pair with long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx.18. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small pet
- 19 Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a calyx; otherwise as in Anemone.--Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers, which ar
- 20 6. R. Flammula, L. (SMALLER SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining or ascending, rooting below, leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ovate-oblong to lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (1--2' long), petals 5--7, much longer than the calyx, bri
- 21 E. HYEMaLIS, Salisb. Dwarf; flowers cup-shaped, 1' in diameter; petals shorter than the stamens.--Near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) 16. AQUILeGIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE.Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short spreadi
- 22 [*] _Leaves all scattered along the branches; leaf-buds silky._ 1. M. glauca, L. (SMALL or LAUREL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAY.) _Leaves_ oval to broadly lanceolate, 3--6' long, _obtuse, glaucous beneath; flower globular, white_, 2' long, _very fragrant_
- 23 1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (AMERICAN BARBERRY.) Leaves repandly toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed; _racemes few-flowered_; petals notched at the apex; _berries oval_; otherwise as in the next.--Alleghanies of Va. and southward; _not_ in Canada. June.-
- 24 5. NuPHAR, Smith. YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER-DOCK.Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, colored, or partly green outside, roundish, concave. Petals numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, inserted with the very numerous short stamens on the rece
- 25 Sepals 2 or 3, often p.r.i.c.kly. Petals 4--6. Style almost none; stigmas 3--6, radiate. Pod oblong, p.r.i.c.kly, opening by 3--6 valves at the top.Seeds crested.--Annuals or biennials, with p.r.i.c.kly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-l
- 26 2. Leavenworthia. Seed winged; embryo straight or nearly so. Annual; stem often scapose, 1--few-flowered.3. Dentaria. Stem naked below, 2--3-leaved. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas, long-styled. Seeds wingless; cotyledons thick, very unequal.4. Carda
- 27 3. D. heterophlla, Nutt. Tubers near the surface, jointed, narrowly oblong or thick-clavate, prominently tubercled; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets distinctly petiolate, oblong-lanceolate to linear, entire to rather deeply crenate, rarely laciniate or lo
- 28 D. VeRNA, L. (WHITLOW-GRa.s.s.) Small (scapes 1--3' high); leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate; racemes elongated in fruit; pods varying from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels.--Sandy waste places and roadsides.
- 29 Pod linear, 4-sided, the valves keeled with a strong midrib; stigma broadly lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless.Cotyledons (often obliquely) inc.u.mbent.--Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the leaves not clasping. p.u.b.escence of
- 30 S. CORONPUS, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes; _pods not notched at the apex, tubercled_.--At ports, R. I. to Va., etc. (Adv.from Eu.) 22. CAKLE, Tourn. SEA-ROCKET.Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity; ea
- 31 2. HUDSNIA, L.Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx.Stamens 9--30. Style long and slender; stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve-like place
- 32 10. V. rotundiflia, Michx. (ROUND-LEAVED VIOLET.) Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate; lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines; spur very short.--Cold woods, Maine to Minn., and south along the Alleghanies.--Smoothish; leaves 1&#
- 33 1. DIaNTHUS, L. PINK. CARNATION.Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more imbricated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. Seeds flattish on the back; embryo scarcely curved.--Ornamental plants,
- 34 -- 2. ALSNE. _Pod splitting to the base into 3 entire valves; seeds many, usually rough, naked at the hilum; flowers solitary and terminal or cymose; root in our species perennial, except in n. 4._ [*] _Leaves small, rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped._
- 35 [*][*] _Parts of the flower in fives, the stamens not rarely 10._ 3. S. dec.u.mbens, Torr. & Gray. Annual, ascending; the peduncles and calyx with the margins of the upper leaves _at first glandular-p.u.b.escent_; leaves short, often bristly-tipped, not f
- 36 1. aSCYRUM, L. ST. PETER'S-WORT.Sepals 4; the two outer very broad and leaf-like; the inner much smaller. Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud.Stamens numerous; the filaments distinct and scarcely in cl.u.s.ters. Pod strictly 1-cel
- 37 1. STUaRTIA, L.Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crustaceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the alb.u.men; radi
- 38 Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. _Flowers dicious_; the staminate flowers dest.i.tute of pistils, with 15--20 anthers; the fertile with a short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles 8--10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit d
- 39 _Herbs (rarely shrubs) with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers 4--6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, 5 stamens monadelphous at base, and an 8--10-seeded pod, having twice as many cells as there are styles._ Re
- 40 4. oXALIS, L. WOOD-SORREL.Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, sometimes united at base, withering after expansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at base, alternately shorter. Styles 5, distinct. Pod oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more or less 5-lobed, ea
- 41 4. I. decidua, Walt. _Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely serrate, downy on the midrib_ beneath, s.h.i.+ning above, becoming thickish; peduncles of the sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short; calyx-teeth smooth, acute.--
- 42 2. RHaMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN.Calyx 4--5-cleft; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small, short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or sometimes none. Ovary free, 2--4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing 2-
- 43 ORDER 29. SAPINDaCEae. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) _Trees or shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly unsymmetrical and often irregular flowers; the 4--5 sepals and petals imbricated in aestivation; the 5--10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigynous or hypo
- 44 Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe.--Leaves usually compound.Flowers greenish-white or yellowish. (The o
- 45 ORDER 32. LEGUMINSae. (PULSE FAMILY.) _Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5 and sometimes many) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit.Seeds mostl
- 46 Joints oblong, 4-angled. Flowers umbellate.26. Hedysarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-cleft.Pod several-jointed; joints roundish.[=][=] Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate.27. Desmodium. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or m
- 47 [+][+][+] _Flowers indigo-blue._ 6. B. australis, R. Br. (BLUE FALSE-INDIGO.) Smooth, tall and stout (4--5); leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, rather persistent; raceme elongated (1--2) and many-flowered, er
- 48 10. MELILTUS, Tourn. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER.Flowers much as in Trifolium, but in spike-like racemes, small; corolla deciduous, free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1--2-seeded.--Annual or bi
- 49 16. PETALOSTeMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER.Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous; petals all on thread-shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the
- 50 11. A. gracilis, Nutt. Subcinereous, slender (1 high or more); leaflets 11--17, linear, obtuse or retuse; racemes loose; flowers small (3"long); _pods pendent_, 2--3" long, coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, _concave on the back_, the ventral suture prominent,
- 51 9. D. Illinoense, Gray. Erect (3--5 high); stem and leaves with short rough p.u.b.escence; leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate (2--4'long), obtuse, subcoriaceous, cinereous beneath, veins and veinlets prominent, strongly reticulated, the lower leaf
- 52 1. V. Cracca, L. Downy-p.u.b.escent; _leaflets 20--24, oblong-lanceolate, strongly mucronate; spikes densely many-flowered_, 1-sided; flowers blue, turning purple, 6" long, reflexed; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube.--Borders of thickets, Newf. to N. J.
- 53 2. A. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets usually 2--4' long; rhachis of the racemes usually villous; calyx 3" long, the teeth ac.u.minate; ovary hairy.--Western N. Y. to Ill., Mo., La., and Tex. The upper flowers more commonly fertile; apparently producin
- 54 ORDER 33. ROSaCEae. (ROSE FAMILY.) _Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens inserted on the calyx, and 1--many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the last tribe) united and combined with the calyx tube. Seeds (anatropous
- 55 4. P. Chicasa, Michx. (CHICKASAW PLUM.) Stem scarcely th.o.r.n.y (8--15 high); _leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous_; fruit globular, _red, nearly dest.i.tute of bloom_ (--{2/3}' in diameter); the ovoid stone almost as thick as wide, rou
- 56 6. DALIBaRDA, L.Calyx deeply 5--6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5--10, becoming nearly dry seed-like drupes; styles terminal, deciduous.--Low perennials, with creeping and densely tufted
- 57 -- 2. _Styles filiform, not glandular at base; inflorescence cymose._ [*] _Style terminal; achenes glabrous; stamens 20; herbaceous perennials, with rather large yellow flowers._ [+] _Leaves pinnate._ 6. P. Hippiana, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silk
- 58 [*][*][*] _Styles distinct; sepals spreading after flowering and deciduous; infrastipular spines usually present, often with scattered p.r.i.c.kles; sepals, globose receptacle, and pedicel usually hispid; teeth simple; p.u.b.escence not resinous._ [+] _Le
- 59 1. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.) A tree 10--30 high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, usually somewhat cordate at base, pointed, very sharply serrate, 1--3'long; bracts and stipules very long-silky-ciliate
- 60 [*][*] _Stems ascending; leaves alternate; calyx coherent below with the capsule._ 2. S. rivularis, L. (ALPINE BROOK-S.) Small, stems weak, 3--5-flowered; lower _leaves rounded, 3--5-lobed_, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate; _petals white, ovate_
- 61 1. P. parviflra, DC. _Petals sessile_, little longer than the calyx (3" long); _sterile filaments about 7 in each set, slender; leaves ovate or oblong_, tapering at base.--Sandy banks, Lab. to Mich., N. Minn., and westward.2. P. pal.u.s.tris, L. Scapes 3
- 62 1. P. sedodes, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends.--Open wet places, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex.July--Oct. Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens.2. TILLae'A, Mich.Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods
- 63 Stamens about 24, borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike; filaments very long, thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Capsule cohering with the base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell.--A low sh
- 64 Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, inserted along with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers long, 1-celled, inverted in
- 65 6. CuPHEA, Jacq.Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approximate in
- 66 [*][*][*] _Stigma clavate; stem somewhat quadrangular with 2--4 ridges or hairy lines decurrent from some of the leaves._ [+] _Tall and mostly branching, many-flowered; leaves rather large, toothed, not revolute, the lower opposite; seeds papillose._ 4. E
- 67 16. . serrulata, Nutt. Slender (3--15' high), simple or branched, canescent or glabrous; leaves linear to lanceolate (1--3' long), _irregularly and sharply denticulate; calyx-tube broadly funnnelform (2--4' long)_, strongly nerved; petals broadly obova
- 68 Flowers moncious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish corolla. Anthers cohering in a ma.s.s. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule; style slender; stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by the single seed, covered wi
- 69 _Herbs, with small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2
- 70 25. Carum. Ribs filiform or inconspicuous; stylopodium short-conical.Leaf-segments filiform. Roots tuberous.26. Cicuta. Ribs flattish, corky, the lateral largest. Marsh perennials, with serrate leaflets, the veins often running to the notches.27. aegopodi
- 71 7. PASTINaCA, L. PARSNIP.Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings, which are strongly nerved toward the outer margin; oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2--4 on th
- 72 18. EuLOPHUS, Nutt.Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs; oil-tubes 1--5 in the intervals; stylopodium conical, with long recurved styles; seed-face broadly concave, with a central longitudinal ridge.--Glabrous p
- 73 1. D. capillacea, DC. Plant 1--2 high (or even 5--6); leaves dissected into filiform divisions; umbel 5--20-rayed, involucre of filiform bracts usually cleft or parted, and involucels more or less prominent, fruit 1--1" long, ovate, acute.--Wet ground, M
- 74 ORDER 49. ARALIaCEae. (GINSENG FAMILY.) _Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as_ Umbelliferae, _but with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few--several-celled drupe._--Alb.u.men mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed.1. ARaLIA, To
- 75 _Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2--5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as_ (one fewer in Linnaea, doubled in Adoxa) _the lobes of the tubular or rotate corolla, and inserted on its tu
- 76 4. TRIoSTEUM, L. FEVER-WORT. HORSE-GENTIAN.Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry dr
- 77 [+][+] Flowers twin; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyed berry.4. Mitch.e.l.la. Corolla funnel-form; its lobes 4. A creeping herb.[+][+][+] Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.5. Spermacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form;
- 78 G. MOLLuGO, L. Perennial, smooth throughout; stems erect or diffuse, 2 or 3 long; leaves 8, or 6 on the branchlets, oblanceolate to nearly linear; flowers very numerous in ample almost leafless panicles; fruit smooth.--Roadsides and fields, N. Y. and Penn
- 79 [+][+] _Fertile cell as broad as the empty ones, beaked; cross-section quadrate._ 2. V. radiata, Dufr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, _downy-p.u.b.escent_ (sometimes glabrous); empty cells as thick as the oblong-ovate fertile one, or thicker, _a broad shallow gr
- 80 14. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered; rays numerous. The outer pappus of very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles.[=][=] Pappus simple.15. Aplopappus. Heads many-flowered, many-radiate. Involucre hemispherical.
- 81 42. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish scales.[+][+] Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper staminate with an open cup-shaped involucre, the lower pistillate, of 1--4 flowers in a closed bur-like involucre.43. Ambrosia. Scales o
- 82 [+] Heads rather large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless.68. Matricaria. Receptacle conical. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus crown-like or none.69. Chrysanthemum. Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus none.[+][+] Heads mostly small, dis
- 83 95. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Pappus reddish, the base surrounded by a soft villous ring.96. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered, calyculate. Pappus white.[+][+] Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involuc
- 84 Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite 74 Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate 10, 11, 15, 17, 35 [*] 2. Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles (at least in the disk).Ray yellow, awns few (2--8) 12 Ray rose-color 23 [*] 3
- 85 1. V. Arkansana, DC. Tall, rather glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, retrorsely denticulate; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long filiform tips.--Mo., Kan., and southward.[*][*] _Heads ' high or less, 15--40-flowered._ [+] _Leaves narrowly lin
- 86 [*][*][*] _Heads 8--30-flowered; involucral scales nearly equal, in one row; leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved, not resinous-dotted; flowers white._ 14. E. ageratodes, L. (WHITE SNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth, branching (3 high); _leaves broadly ovate,
- 87 1. H. Lamarckii, Ca.s.s. Annual or biennial, 1--3 high, bearing numerous small heads; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with petioles auricled at base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping.--S. E. Kan., and southward.14. CHRYSoPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER.Head
- 88 [+] _Heads small (3" long), cl.u.s.tered along the stem in the axils of the feather-veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse._ [++] _Achenes p.u.b.escent._ 3. S. cae'sia, L. Smooth; _stem terete, mostly glaucous_, at length much branched and diffuse
- 89 31. S. serotina, Ait. _Stem_ stout (2--7 high), _smooth, often glaucous; leaves quite smooth both sides_, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, except the narrowed base, rough-ciliate; the ample panicle p.u.b.escent; _rays 7--14, rather long_.
- 90 Heads 12--20-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white).Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spreading green tips. Recepta
- 91 Var. rigidulus, Gray. Low, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous leaves.--In drier places, Ill., Wisc., and southwestward.12. A. Nvae-angliae, L. _Stem stout, hairy_ (3--8 high), corymbed at the summit; _leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute,
- 92 SUBaSPER, Gray, a rigid scabrous form, with contracted leafy inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate and the broader scales often obtuse. Ill. to Tex.[=][=] _Heads small or middle-sized, the looser linear scales somewhat equal and erect, an
- 93 Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, dicious, i.e., the pistillate and staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers taille
- 94 (S??f???, the ancient name of some resinous plant, transferred by Linnaeus to this American genus.) [*] _Stem terete, alternate-leaved (root very large and thick)._ 1. S. laciniatum, L. (ROSIN-WEED. COMPa.s.s-PLANT.) _Rough-bristly throughout_, stem stout
- 95 [*][*] _Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-nerved, dentate and often lobed, long-petiolate; axils unarmed; fruit 2-beaked._ X. STRUMaRIUM, L. Low (1--2 high); fruit 6--8" long, glabrous or p.u.b.erulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines.--A
- 96 1. H. annuus, L. (COMMON SUNFLOWER.) Tall, rough; leaves triple-ribbed, ovate or the lower cordate, serrate; involucral scales broadly ovate to oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually 1' broad or more.--Minn. to Tex., and westward; long cultivated, a
- 97 1. A. squarrsa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above (4--8 high); leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; rays 2--8, irregular.--Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York to Iowa, and southward. Sept.55.
- 98 6. B. Beckii, Torr. (WATER MARIGOLD.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial, smooth; stems long and slender; immersed leaves crowded, capillary, many times dissected, the few emerging ones lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed; heads single, short-peduncled; involuc
- 99 1. D. chrysanthemodes, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6--18'high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre.--Roadsides, and banks of rivers, Minn. to Ill., Tenn., and
- 100 A. aNNUA, L. Tall, much branched; leaves 2-pinnately divided, the oblong segments deeply pinnatifid; heads small, in a loose ample panicle.--Ind.to Kan. (Nat. from Old World.) -- 3. _Receptacle hairy; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate._ A.