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Modern Machine-Shop Practice Novel Chapters
List of most recent chapters published for the Modern Machine-Shop Practice novel. A total of 286 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024
Latest Release: Chapter 1 : Modern Machine-Shop Practice.by Joshua Rose.PREFACE.MODERN MACHINE-SHOP PRACTICE is pres
Modern Machine-Shop Practice.by Joshua Rose.PREFACE.MODERN MACHINE-SHOP PRACTICE is presented to American mechanics as a complete guide to the operations of the best equipped and best managed workshops, and to the care and management of engines and boiler
- 286 =Thumb-nut.= A nut so shaped that it may be screwed up or unscrewed by hand.=Tight.= A term used to denote those parts of a plate or saw that are under undue tension, and prevent the other parts of the plate from lying flat.=Timber-planer.= A wood-planing
- 285 =Spiral cutter.= A milling cutter having its teeth cut spirally and not parallel to the axis of its bore.=Spiral head.= A device for holding work and revolving it in a milling machine.=Spirit-level.= An instrument in which an air-s.p.a.ce or bubble is uti
- 284 =Scarf.= The bevel of a piece of metal that is to be lap welded.=Sc.r.a.per.= A hand tool that sc.r.a.pes rather than cuts the metal.=Screw-cutting lathe.= A lathe that has a screw feed with change gears to enable it to cut threads or screws upon the work
- 283 =Plumb-level.= A levelling tool depending for its accuracy on a weighted line and an edge that is straight.=Plumb-rule.= A straight edge containing a plumb-bob.=Pod-bit= _or_ =nose-bit.= A wood-boring tool, having a cutting lip at its end.=Point.= The sur
- 282 =Measuring-machine.= A machine for determining the measurement of a piece.=Micrometer.= (m[=i]-kr[)o]m'e-ter). A tool for measuring to minute fractions of an inch.=Mill-file.= A single cut file used for filing sheet steel, saw teeth, etc.=Milling-cut
- 281 =Involute.= A curve generated by the path of a given point in a straight line, as the line is rolled upon a circle. (Vol. I. p. 31.) J =Jack-plane.= A plane employed to rough out the work.=Jig.= A device for holding work and guiding the operating tool.=Jo
- 280 =Gear.= A term applied to a piece of mechanism that accomplishes a single object: thus a valve-gear operates a valve; a steering-gear steers the vessel.=Geared.= Placed in gear or connected together.=Gear-wheel.= A wheel provided with teeth to engage with
- 279 =Face-cam.= A cam in which the actuating surface is on its side or sides.=Face-cutter.= A milling cutter having its teeth upon its circ.u.mferential surface.=Face-plate.= A plate or table having a plain or flat surface for holding work.=Facing-cutter.= A
- 278 =Cylinder-head=, _or_ =cylinder-cover.= A piece that encloses or seals the end of a cylinder.D =Dead centre.= The stationary centre of a lathe.=Dead-smooth file=, _or_ =superfine file.= The finest or smoothest cut of file.=Delivery-rolls.= Rolls that remo
- 277 =Combination-chuck.= A chuck in which the jaws may be moved simultaneously or independently.=Comparator.= A machine for comparing measurements, for testing them and originating sub-divisions.=Compa.s.s-calipers.= A pair of calipers having one bent leg and
- 276 =Broach.= A toothed tool for cutting the walls of a hole.=Broaching-press.= A machine that forces a broach to its cut.=Bunter-dog.= A work-gripping device for a planing machine, and consisting of a piece having a hook end to engage in the T-slot of the ta
- 275 =Arc of recess.= That part in the revolution of a pair of gear wheels in which the teeth in contact recede from the line of centres of the two wheels.=Arc-pitch.= The pitch of gear wheel teeth when measured around the pitch circle.=Attachment.= A work-hol
- 274 =Pressure pieces.=--Name all the pieces of an engine through which the steam pressure is received and transmitted. II. 446.=Horse-power.=--What is the unit or measure of horse-power? What is the meaning of nominal horse-power? II. 446.=Lost vacuum.=--Name
- 273 =Admitting the exhaust.=--When the exhaust steam is condensed for boiler-feeding purposes, how soon after the engine has started would you let the exhaust into the feed tank? II. 441.=s.h.i.+p's side discharge.=--What is a s.h.i.+p's side air pump disch
- 272 =A perfect gas.=--What is Marriotte's law, or Boyle's law? Is steam a perfect gas? II. 411.=Joule's equivalent.=--What is meant by the conversion of heat into work? What is Joule's equivalent? What is the mechanical equivalent of heat? II. 411.=Indica
- 271 =Injector.=--What is an injector? II. 395.=Before firing.=--What should be done before laying the fire? II. 400.=Kindling the fire.=--How long should the wood burn before putting on coal? II. 400.=Oiling.=--What points require examination when oiling the
- 270 Describe these two operations. II. 383.=Governors.=--What is a throttling governor? What is an isochronal governor? What is a dancing governor? II. 384.=Forward.=--What is full gear forward? II. 383.=Backward.=--What is full gear backward? II. 383.=Starti
- 269 What are the known causes of priming? Why is priming wasteful? Can blowing off at the safety valve cause priming? What are other causes of priming? How can priming be detected? What would you do to stop priming?What would you do to prevent priming? What p
- 268 =Strain on boiler joint.=--How would you calculate the amount of stress there is upon the riveted joint of a boiler? II. 350.=Shearing strain.=--What is meant by the terms, shearing, tearing and crus.h.i.+ng strains of a steam boiler? II. 351.=Lapped and
- 267 =Best water joint.=--What are the best kinds of joints for withstanding water pressure? II. 138.=Fitting a f.l.a.n.g.e.=--In fitting a f.l.a.n.g.e to a boiler what part of the f.l.a.n.g.e face should bed most? II. 140.=Rust joint.=--How are rust joints ma
- 266 The star-shaped frame is termed a sinker, and if upon being lifted from the lead the colour of the spring is too high, a second immersion is given.APPENDICES APPENDIX--PART I.TEST QUESTIONS FOR ENGINEERS.An efficient engineer must certainly be able to det
- 265 Any number of pieces hardened so as to have a white surface may be tempered to an equal degree of color, or heated to an equal thermometrical temperature, with the a.s.surance that they will possess a degree of hardness sufficiently uniform for all practi
- 264 "The f.l.a.n.g.es of the furnaces should always be examined in the bends, for flaws, for such defects, although not very common, do at times unexpectedly make their appearance, and might, if not detected, be the means of breaking the boiler down at s
- 263 The quant.i.ty of coal burned in marine boiler furnaces is about 15 lbs.per square foot of fire grate area per hour; hence the quant.i.ty burnt per day with common average engines with 4 furnaces, 3 feet wide and 5 feet long, may be found by multiplying t
- 262 Outside the gauge casing the steam pipe is bent into a loop forming an inverted syphon which is to contain the water.At the lowest point in the bend of the syphon a small c.o.c.k is inserted, which lets the water out of the leg of the syphon nearest to th
- 261 In the United States the grades of iron used for boilers are C H No. 1 S, or charcoal hammered No. 1 sh.e.l.l iron, for the sh.e.l.l, and C H No. 1 F, or charcoal No. 1 f.l.a.n.g.e iron, which is used for the furnaces and such parts as require flanging.In
- 260 8th. When an engine has no auxiliary or starting, but an _impulse_ valve that merely lets a puff of steam into the receiver, this impulse valve may leak, and if the escape or relief valve on the receiver is too much loaded, it may gag the H. P. piston by
- 259 The diameter is the distance apart of the two points on the edges that are diametrically opposite and furthest apart.The pitch of a propeller is its degree of spirality, and is represented by the distance it would move forward if the water was a solid. It
- 258 Expansion joints are joints which permit the parts they connect to expand and contract without straining them. They are necessary on the steam pipe connecting one boiler to another, and on the main steam pipe from the boilers to the engine. The working su
- 257 A s.h.i.+p's side air pump discharge valve is an ordinary dead weight mitre valve that opens to let the water pa.s.s out into the sea, but seats itself and closes if the water attempts to pa.s.s inwards. It differs from a common stop valve in being w
- 256 All the drain pipes from the cylinder pa.s.s into the condenser so as to save the fresh water.The air pump is usually worked by a beam, receiving motion from the cross head of the low pressure cylinder.The circulating pump is usually worked by the same be
- 255 When one cylinder is placed above the other, as in Fig. 3395, R being the high pressure and S the low pressure piston, no receiver is employed, the steam pa.s.sing direct from the high pressure cylinder through the pipe P to the low pressure steam chest _
- 254 In order to simplify the explanation, the mechanism has been separated into three separate sections. Figs. 3386 and 3387 show such of the details of the parts between the cylinder and crank as are peculiar to this engine. The cross head is of the slipper
- 253 The point at which the cut off will occur, therefore, is determined by the position of the cam _n'_, because if _n'_ is out of the way, the end _g_ of the latch link will not meet it, the latch link will not disengage from the latch block _e_, a
- 252 Then 859.375/(37.6 996) = 22.94 pounds water per I. H. P. per hour, the rate that would be due to using an entire cylinder full of steam at 25 pounds pressure every stroke. But as the period of consumption is represented by B A (_b_ _a_ being the stroke),
- 251 Having carried this out for all the lines from line 10 to line 1, we draw in the true expansion curve, which will touch the tops of all the lines.[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3370.]Another method of drawing this curve is shown in Fig. 3370. Having drawn the cle
- 250 30 " 94 " " " "40 " 90 " " " "60 " 143 " " " "TABOR INDICATOR.10 lbs. 14 " " " "12 " 20 " " " "16 " 30 " " " "
- 249 The height of the line of back pressure above the atmospheric line shows the amount of back pressure.At the point _m_, where the back pressure line rises into a curve, the valve had closed, shutting in the cylinder a portion of the exhaust steam, which is
- 248 Heat also pa.s.ses from a body in straight lines or rays, which do not heat the air through which they pa.s.s to their own temperature, but do impart that temperature to a solid body, as iron or water; the heat that pa.s.ses from a body in this manner is
- 247 The total heat of steam is the sensible heat, or that shown by the thermometer, added to the latent heat; hence the heat necessary to evaporate water into steam at a temperature of 212 (which corresponds to a pressure of 14.7 lbs. per square inch) is 212
- 246 Among the most frequent questions asked in an engineer's examination are those relating to the safety valves of boilers.These questions may be easily answered from a study of the following: The safety valve is a device for relieving the boiler of ste
- 245 Thus, the friction of the cross head guides, of the cross head pin, of the crank pin and of the crank shaft bearings will increase with the amount of resistance offered to the piston motion.The average pressure on the piston is a difficult thing to find,
- 244 If we take the first pair of wheels B and C, we have that the velocity will vary in the same ratio or degree as their diameters vary, notwithstanding that their revolutions are equal.Radius. Diameter. Circ.u.mference.B = 5-1/8 inches. 10-1/4 inches. 32.2
- 243 THROWING OFF A DRIVING WHEEL.--This is not a common accident, but nevertheless it sometimes occurs; they break usually just outside of the driving axle box. In this case take out the driving box and fit in its place a block of wood affording journal beari
- 242 Oil holes are apt to get choked by gumming, which is that the oil in time forms into a brown gummy substance that fills the oil hole. Perfect lubrication does not imply wasteful lubrication by any means, but a wasteful use of oil is probably less expensiv
- 241 15. Piston valve rings.16. Piston valve rings.17. Upper valve bus.h.i.+ng.18. Lower valve bus.h.i.+ng.19. Reversing piston casing.20. Reversing piston.21. Piston rings.22. Reversing cylinder cap.23. Reversing valve bush.24. Reversing valve cap.25. Piston
- 240 [57] See page 376, Vol. II., for the meaning of angularity.The valve lead, and the lead only, it is that determines the length of the eccentric rods. Suppose that, as is generally the case, the lead is to be equal, or, in other words, that there is to be
- 239 There are two sand valves, both of which are operated by one rod, the construction being shown in Fig. 3327, which is a plan showing the bottom of the sand box broken away to expose the gear for moving the valves. The two valves _v_, _v_ for the sand pipe
- 238 If a rotary pump leaks, the efficiency is not impaired so much as in a piston or plunger pump, all that is necessary being to run the pump at a high speed.[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3323.]The principles of action of a pump may be understood from Fig. 3323, wh
- 237 SQUARING A VALVE.--A method not uncommonly pursued in setting a valve is to what is called _square it_ before trying it.This squaring process consists in so adjusting the length of the eccentric rod that the valve travels an equal distance over or past th
- 236 This speeder consists of a spiral spring whose tension may be adjusted to more or less resist the rise of the governor b.a.l.l.s, and thus enable the engine to run at a greater speed for a given amount of rise of the governor b.a.l.l.s, hence by increasin
- 235 If the amount of valve travel is given, however, all the other elements may readily be found by the following construction: [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3311.]Suppose that in Fig. 3311 a D valve is to be designed to cut off the steam when the piston has travell
- 234 A griddle valve is one that has two or more ports at each end upon a seat that has two or more ports for each steam pa.s.sage.Double ported valves are employed in some cases to increase the admission of live steam to the cylinder, and in others to increas
- 233 Cast iron guide bars wear better than either bra.s.s, iron, or steel ones, so long as they are properly lubricated. The face of each guide bar should be cut away, so that the ends of the cross head guides will travel past it. This will prevent a shoulder
- 232 A lagged cylinder is one clothed, which is sometimes done with wood or metal strips, leaving an air s.p.a.ce around the cylinder, while in others this s.p.a.ce is filled with felt or some non-conducting material.Experiments made by Charles E. Emery gave t
- 231 The high pressure steam engine, in whatever form it exists, consists of a frame or bed plate carrying two distinct mechanisms, first, the driving or power-transmitting mechanism, and second, the valve gear or valve motion, and to these are added such othe
- 230 IN THE MORNING.--In starting up a banked fire in the morning, first close the fire door and open the damper, so as to give the fire all the draught possible, and let it burn up a little; then, if it has been piled up at the back of the furnace, clean out
- 229 The first thing to do in taking charge of a stationary engine boiler is to know from personal inspection that the safety fittings and the boiler-feeding apparatus are in good order.The safety valve is the first thing to inspect, as it is liable to stick i
- 228 Another arrangement is shown in Fig. 3277, the tubes being _staggered_ or arranged zigzag. This permits of the employment of a greater number of tubes, but does not afford such free circulation of the water.Fig. 3278 represents an arrangement where the tu
- 227 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3260.]Fig. 3260 represents an internally fired flue boiler, known as the Cornish or Lancas.h.i.+re boiler. The furnace is at one end of the flues, the fire pa.s.sing through them to the chimney. There is here obviously more heating
- 226 1.0689 = width of plate between rivets..5625 = thickness of plate.------ 53445 21378 64134 53445 --------- Area of plate = .60125625 between rivets Here then we find the area of plate left between the rivet holes to be 6.01 square inches, and as the area
- 225 On account therefore of the excessive strength of the sh.e.l.l plates in boilers of small diameter, b.u.t.t straps are rarely used in stationary boilers, while punching the rivet holes and other inferior modes of construction are employed. We may now cons
- 224 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3249.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3250.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3251.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3252.]"A double riveted b.u.t.t joint with double straps is shown in Fig. 3250, and a treble with double straps in Figs. 3251 and 3252."
- 223 [49] From "_Steam Boilers_.""For instance, take three cylindrical boilers each made of 1/2 inch plate, the first one 2 feet 6 inches in diameter; the second twice that, or 5 feet in diameter; and the third twice that again, or 10 feet in di
- 222 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3228.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3229.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3230.]Fig. 3230 represents a tenoning machine for heavy work, constructed by J. A. Fay & Co., adjusted for cutting a double tenon, the upper and lower heads revolving in a ve
- 221 Fig. 3218 represents an ogee cutter, in position on the cutter spindle.As these cutters are made solid and accurately turned in the lathe, they are balanced so long as the cutting edges are kept diametrally opposite.The front faces only being ground to sh
- 220 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3200.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3201.]Various forms of side heads are shown in the figures from 3200, to 3207.Fig. 3200 is a two-sided plain head, or in other words two diametrally opposite sides of the head are provided with bolt hole
- 219 The pulley that drives rope E is shown in Fig. 3189 at R.The feed motions for the work table are shown in Fig. 3189, and the construction is such that for ordinary work the table has a quick return motion, while for heavy work the feed and return motions
- 218 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3180.]The ap.r.o.n M' in front of the under cutter S (Fig. 3180) is easily dropped to M" by loosening the nut R' and releasing the bolt T' so as to allow the ap.r.o.n M' to drop.This enables the operator to
- 217 The knives require to be as accurately balanced as it is possible to make them, for otherwise they will cause the head to jar and vibrate violently, thus producing rough work. The knives weighed individually may be of the same weight, and yet the head may
- 216 We may now consider the means employed to drive the rolls, first remarking that the upper rolls F and D, are given a motion slightly quicker than the lower ones, so as to cause them to clean themselves (from particles of wood that might otherwise cling to
- 215 Now suppose that lever _u_ is moved to the right, and the belt would be moved from the loose pulley _q"_ to the fast pulley _q_, while the other belt would merely be moved or s.h.i.+fted from one to the other side of loose pulley _q'_.Similarly
- 214 On the same shaft as the friction wheel O, is a pinion driving the gear X, which is on the same shaft as the pinion Y, which drives the two gears Y' and Y".Referring now to Fig. 3142, gear Y' drives the pair of bevel gears Z and Z', fo
- 213 If as in the case of fine pitched teeth, the teeth are filed with a triangular or _three_ square file but little front rake or hook can be given, without pitching the teeth widely. This is shown in Fig. 3130, in which S, is the section of a saw, and F, a
- 212 Fig. 3118 represents a tubular saw machine. The saw runs in fixed bearings, the work feeding on the table B, running on ways on A. The work is here obviously sawn to a curve corresponding to that of the circ.u.mference of the saw.CROSS CUTTING OR GAINING
- 211 The mechanism for traversing saws 2 and 3 corresponds in design, and may be described as follows: The arbor A has a spline S to drive the sleeves D, D', which hold the saws and are carried by arms E, E', which operate in slideways and have racks
- 210 Fig. 3098 represents a circular saw machine, constructed by the Egan Company, in which the table is carried on a vertical slide, and may be raised or lowered by means of the hand-wheel, bevel gears, and screw shown, and may be set at any required angle to
- 209 If a saw is to be sharpened by filing, it should be made as hard as it can be to file properly, even at the expense of rapidly wearing out the file, because the difference in the amount of work the saw will do without getting dull enough to require reshar
- 208 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3080.]The centrifugal force created by the great speed of a circular saw is found to be sufficient to cause it to stretch and expand in diameter.This causes the saw to run unsteadily unless it is hammered in such a way as to have it
- 207 "Set a bevel square to an angle of 45. Take the halves of the branch apart, and rest the stock or back of the bevel against the end face, and let the blade lie on the joint face, and mark two lines A B in Fig.2812, which lines must just meet in the c
- 206 Now, when the staves are cut out it is necessary to have some kind of a frame or support to hold them while jointing them; hence, draw also from the points of division, as D, E, F, the lines _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _e_, _f_, and these will form the sides of a
- 205 Fig. 2771 represents the half check joint, and it is obvious that the thickness at A must equal that at H, and be half that at B, which will give each half equal strength.A gland for an engine piston rod forms a simple example of the different ways in whi
- 204 Fig. 2751.Fig. 2752.Fig. 2753.Fig. 2754.Fig. 2755.Fig. 2756.]In Fig. 2750, for example, the grain of the wood runs lengthwise and the throat, or front face of each tooth, is hooking or hooked, so that the cutting edge will cut through the fibres at their
- 203 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2727.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2728.]Planes are also made with the sole and the cutting edge of the blade made to conform to the shape of the work. Thus Fig. 2727 represents a rabbeting plane, and Fig. 2728 a side rabbet plane. The la
- 202 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2707.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2708.]It is evident, therefore, that to obtain a uniform degree of shrinkage throughout the length of a piece of timber, it should be sawn as near as possible parallel with the grain of the log. Thus in
- 201 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3061.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3062.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3063.]Fig. 3059 represents a double frame steam drop hammer for locomotive and car axles and truck bars. The frame is spread at the base to admit wide work, and the upper sur
- 200 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3046.]The hammer lever or helve is adjustable for height by means of the screw G and hand-wheel H, which raise or lower the bearings in which the helve journals are carried. This is necessary, because as the helve moves in the arc o
- 199 As will be seen by inspection of Fig. 3012, the weld between the cap and the saddle comes about the middle of the wrist, and the cheek pieces support the cap sideways. By means of the piles and welds described, the grain of the iron was so disposed as to
- 198 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2995.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2996.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2997.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2998.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2999.]The several sections are now ready to be welded together for the complete frame, these welds being made as fol
- 197 Fig. 2964 represents two views of the forgings, and it will be readily perceived that they are very difficult to make on account of the taper hole, which is shown in dotted lines. The first operation was to take a bar of steel 6-1/2 inches square and punc
- 196 BENDING.--Fig. 2933 represents a tool for bending pieces of small diameter to a short curve, either when cold or heated. In bending hot iron it is advantageous to confine the heat as closely as possible to the part to be bent, as a more true bend may then
- 195 [Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2906.][Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2907.]The hole for the blank is made about 1/64 inch larger in diameter than the designated size of the bolt, to permit of the easy extraction of the blank after it is upset, this extraction being accomp
- 194 The lap of the two pieces, when scarfed in this manner, is shown in Fig.2884.[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2884.]To take the welding heat the fire should be cleaned out and clear c.o.ked coal, and not gaseous coal, used. The main points in a welding heat are, to
- 193 If the hammer and anvil face is rounded as in Fig. 2868, or if dies thus shaped are placed in them, their action will be the same as that of the fuller, drawing the work out lengthways, with a minimum of effect in spreading it out sideways.Detached fuller
- 192 The proper shape for blacksmiths' tongs depends upon whether they are to be used upon work of a uniform size and shape, or upon general work. In the first case, the tongs may be formed to exactly suit the special work. In the second case, they must b
- 191 FORGING.--The operation of forging consists in beating or compressing metal into shape, and may be divided into five cla.s.ses, viz., hand-forging, drop-forging, machine-forging, forging under trip or steam hammers, and hydraulic forging. In purely hand f
- 190 From the average of these quant.i.ties we find the moment of resistance to be expressed by the following formulae for straight open belts between 2"journals: At 160 r. p. m.: _M_ = .053_S_ + 14.7, (5.) At 18 r. p. m.: _M_ = .11_S_ + 9, (6.) in which
- 189 432| |105| | 20| 62.5|42.5|1.47| .3| .14|179 |.123| |m.433| |112| | 50| 81 |31 |2.61| 3.5| 1.57|178 |.309| | ---+---+---+---+---+-----+----+----+----+------+----+----+------+--- 435|200|204| | 40|132 |82 |1.61| .2| .09|180 |.152| | 436| |206| | 60|133 |73
- 188 216| |345|122|320|332.5| 12.5|25.8 | 9.4|18.8 |164 |1.13 | |[B]---+---+---+---+---+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+------+--- 217|200|200| | 48|124 | 76 | 1.63| .4| .8 |179 | .156| | 219| |240| |160|200 | 40 | 5 | 1 | 2 |176 | .524| | 220| |360| |
- 187 [B] = Sum of Tensions. _T_ + _t_ Initial.[C] = Sum of Tensions. _T_ + _t_ Working.[D] = Sum of Tensions. _T_ + _t_ Final.[E] = _T_ - _t_ Working.[F] = _T_ [G] = _t_ [H] = _T_/_t_ [I] = Percentage of Slip.[J] = Velocity of Slip in ft. per min.[K] = Arc of