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The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Novel Chapters
List of most recent chapters published for the The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India novel. A total of 336 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024
Latest Release: Chapter 1 : The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This b
The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This book is the result of the arrangement made by the Government of India, on the suggestion of the late Sir Herbert Risley, for the preparation of an ethnological account
- 101 _Kanbajia_ or _Ahirwar._--Same as Kanaujia. Subcaste of Chamar._Kanchara._--(A bra.s.sworker.) Subcaste of Kammala._Kand._--(Roots or tubers of wild plants.) A section of Raghuvansi Rajputs in Hoshangabad._Kanda Potel_.--(One who grows roots.) A section o
- 102 _Karpachor_.--(Stealer of straw.) A sept of the Uika clan of Gonds in Betul._Karsayal_.--(A deer.) A sept of the Kawar tribe. Also a sept of Ahir, Bhaina, Dhobi in Chhattisgarh, Kewat, Lohar and Turi._Karsi_.--(From _kalas_, a pitcher.) A totemistic sept
- 103 _Khaltaha_.--Subcaste of Ghasia._Khaltati_.--(Illegitimate.) Subcaste of Andh._Khaltia_.--Subcaste of Basdewa._Khamari_.--(Farmservant.) A section of Kolta._Khambi_.--(One who hides behind the graveyard.) A sept of Korku._Khanda_.--(A sword.) A section of
- 104 _Kirachi_ or _Karachi_.--A sept of Gonds of Raipur and Betul._Kirad_.--Synonym of Kirar._Kirahiboijir_.--(A kind of fruit.) A section of Teli in Nandgaon._Kirar_.--A caste. Synonym Dhakar. A subcaste of Kachhi. A section of Khatik._Kirnakha_.--A sept of G
- 105 In some localities those members of an impure caste such as the Mahars, who hold the office of village watchman, obtain a certain rise in status on account of the office, and show a tendency to marry among themselves. Similarly persons of the impure Ganda
- 106 _Kurru_ or _Kura_.--t.i.tle of Yerukala._Kusangia_.--(Of bad company.) A section of Lohar._Kushbansi_.--A subcaste of Ahir. (Descendants of Kush, one of the two sons of Rama.) _Kush Ranjan_.--A section of Brahman, Barai, Chamar, Chandnahu Kurmi, Rawat (Ah
- 107 _Londibacha_.--A subcaste of Kasar, including persons of illegitimate descent._Lonhare_, _Lonare_.--(From Lonar-Mehkar, the well-known salt lake of the Buldana District.) A subcaste of Kunbi. A section of Arakh and Ahir._Ludhela_.--A section of Basor who
- 108 _Mai_.--(Mother.) A division of the Kabirpanthi sect._Maichhor_.--A small clan of Rajputs. Perhaps from Maichuri in Jaipur._Mailwar_.--(Dirty.) A group of Sunars in Raipur._Maina_.--Synonym of Mina._Mair_.--A subcaste of Sunar named after Mair, their orig
- 109 _Marskola_.--(From _markets_, an axe.) A common sept of Gonds and Pardhans._Maru_.--Subcaste of Charan Bhats._Marwari_.--A resident of Marwar or the desert tract of Rajputana; Marwar is also used as a name for Jodhpur State. See subordinate article Rajput
- 110 _Monas_.--A subdivision of Brahmans._Mongre_, _Mongri_, _Mongrekair_.--(A club or mallet.) A section of Ahir or Rawat in Chhattisgarh, and of Chamar, Ganda, and Panka._Mori_.--A branch of the Panwar Rajputs._Mor Kachhi_.--One who prepares the _maur_ or ma
- 111 _Nagaria_.--(A drum-player.) A section of Jasondhi Bhat and Teli._Nagbans_.--(Descended from the cobra.) A totemistic sept of Gadba, Ghasia, and Gond._Nagla_.--(Naked.) Subcaste of Khond._Nagpure_.--(From Nagpur.) A section of Lodhi and Kohli._Nagvansi_.-
- 112 _Nun_.--(Salt.) A sept of Oraon._Nunia_, _Nonia_, _Lunia_.--(Saltmaker.) A synonym of Beldar. A section of Binjhwar and Koli._Od_.--Synonym of Beldar._Odde_, _Ud_.--(From Odra the old name of Orissa.) Term for a digger or navvy. A group of Beldars._Odhia_
- 113 _Panchbhai_.--(Five brothers.) A surname of Bhanara Dhimars, a section of Ghasia._Panchdeve_.--A subdivision of Gonds, wors.h.i.+pping five G.o.ds and paying special reverence to the _saras_ crane._Panch Dravid_.--One of the two primary divisions of Brahm
- 114 _Patlia_.--(From _patel_.) t.i.tle of Panwar Rajput._Patnaik_.--A surname of Karan or Mahanti, the Uriya writer caste._Patra_.--(An Uriya word meaning councillor.) A subcaste of Kolta and Chasa, and t.i.tle of several Uriya castes. Also a synonym for the
- 115 _Purait_.--(One who is of pure blood.) A subdivision of Jharia Rawat (Ahir) in Chhattisgarh. A subcaste of Dhakar, Halba and Marar._Purania_.--(Old.) A subcaste of Kachera or Sisgar in Saugor. The Puranias are the Muhammadan bangle-makers who originally p
- 116 _Rautia_.--A subcaste of Kol in several Districts. A subcaste of Dahait. A subcaste of Kawar. A section of Chamar and Rawat (Ahir)._Rawal_.--t.i.tle borne by some Rajput chieftains in Western India. Probably a diminutive of Rao, the Marathi form of Raj or
- 117 _Sanbagh_.--(A little tiger.) A section of Bhulia._Sand_.--(The bull.) A totemistic sept of Kawar. They do not use bullocks for ploughing, or are supposed not to. A section of Khangar. They do not give a present of a bull at weddings. A section of Mali._S
- 118 _Sesodia_.--A famous clan of Rajputs._Seth_.--(Banker or moneylender.) A t.i.tle of Bania._Setti_.--A corruption of the Sanskrit Shreshta, good. t.i.tle of Komti caste._Sewak_.--(Servant.) The name given to an inferior cla.s.s of Brahmans who serve in Vai
- 119 _Sonjhara, Sonjharia_.--(One who washes for gold in the beds of streams.) A caste. Subcaste of Binjhwar, Injhwar and Dhimar._Sonkar_.--A small caste found in the Chhattisgarh country, and also in Saugor and Damoh. The name Sonkar is said to be a corruptio
- 120 _Tandan_.--A subdivision of Saraswat Brahmans in Hoshangabad, perhaps so called from their being priests of the Tandan Khatris._Tankiwala_.--(A sharpener of grindstones.) Subcaste of Dhimar._Tanti_.--(_Tanta_, weaver's loom.) A caste. A subcaste of B
- 121 _Ud_.--Subcaste of Chasa. See Odde._Udainath_.--A subdivision of Jogi._Udaiputria_.--(One belonging to Udaipur.) Subcaste of Dhobi._Udasi_.--A cla.s.s of religious mendicants. See Nanakpanthi._Uika, Oika_.--A very common clan of Gonds, who are said to be
- 122 _Warade_.--(A resident of Berar.) Subcaste of Gurao._Wartki_.--(A washerman.) Synonym for Dhobi in the Maratha country._Wasudeo, Wasdeo_.--The name of the father of Krishna, the Hindu G.o.d. Synonym of Basdewa. A subcaste of Jos.h.i.+._Watkari_. See Otari
- 123 Banda, wors.h.i.+p of--Kharia, 8 Banjari Devi, wors.h.i.+p of--Banjara, 10 Bankrupt, going (or Diwala Nikalna)--Bhat, 16 Barber. See article Nai Barber-surgeon--Nai, 6 Bathing--Gond, 64, Kurmi, 39 Beard, the--Nai, 11 Beggars or religious mendicants. See a
- 124 Coppersmiths--Tamera Counting, official counter or Medha Gantia--Bhatra 4, Parja 7, Intro. 60 Courtesans, education of--Kasbi 4 Couvade, practice of--Oraon 9, Sonjhara 4, Verukala, Intro. 60 Cow-killing, penalty for--Tiyar Cradle songs--Chitari 5 Criminal
- 125 Exogamous septs or clans--_Pa.s.sim_. See especially Bhaina, 3, Brahman, 8, Chadar, 1, Dahait, 2, Dangi, 2, Gond, 12, Gowari, 3, Halba, 4, Jhadi Telenga, 2, Karan, Katia, 2, Kawar, 3, Kewat, 2, Khond, 3, Korku, 3, Kunbi, 5, Kurmi, 4 and Appendix, Lodhi, 4
- 126 Houses--Banjara 19, Bohra 7, Gond 60, Kunbi 19, Kurmi 34, Sonjhara 7; superst.i.tions about--Gond 36, Kurmi 35, Parja 7 Human corpse, eating of--Aghori 2 Human sacrifices--Banjara 16, Gond 51, Khond 12, Oraon 17 Hun immigration, the--Gujar 1, 2, Panwar Ra
- 127 Lingo, Gond hero, legend of--Gond 5-10 Liquor, drinking--Gond 69, Kalar 4, 7; and preparation of--Kalar 13; rice-beer--Kol 7, Oraon 26; toddy or date-palm liquor--Pasi 6 Liquor, sanct.i.ty of--Kalar 8, 9 Lizard hunting--Badhak15 Love charms--Kunbi 13 Lukm
- 128 Nanakpanthi and Sikh sects, distinction between--Sikh R. 5 Narayandeo, wors.h.i.+p of--Koshti 5, Panwar Rajput 9 Nudity of women--Garpagari 4 Numbers, superst.i.tions about--Jos.h.i.+ 12 Oaths--Mahar 12 Oil-pressing--Teli 15 Omens, beliefs about--Ahir 16,
- 129 Sati or burning of widows--Brahman 13 Scent--Atari 4 Sculpture, Hindu--Mochi 3 Sects. For individual sects see articles in section on Religions and Sects. For right-hand and left-hand sects see articles Mala and Vam-Margi S.Self-torture--Jogi 4 Sewn cloth
- 130 Totem, wors.h.i.+p of--Kewat 1 Totemism--Agharia 2, Andh, Audhelia 2, Barai 2, Basor 3, Bhaina 3, Bharia 2, Bhil 6, Bhoyar 2, Bhulia, Chadar, Chasa 2, Chauhan, Dahait 2, Dhanwar 2, Dumal 2, Gadba 1, Gond 13, 14, Kalanga 2, Kawar 3, Kewat 2, Khadal, Khadra
- 131 [7] Barbarians or foreigners.[8] See Burnett and Hopkins, _Ordinances of Manu, s.v._ [9] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 170, quoting Weber, _Indische Studien_, i. 170.[10] A collection of rules for sacrifices and other rites, coming between the Vedas and the
- 132 [57] _Memoir of Central India_, vol. ii. p. 22.[58] _La Cite antique_, 21st ed. pp. 66, 68.[59] _La Cite antique_, 21 st ed. pp. 66, 68.[60] _Nigeria_, quoted in _Sat.u.r.day Review_, 6th April 1912.[61] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 96.[62] See article S
- 133 [107] _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Languages_, pp. 40, 41, 45. [108] _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Languages_, pp. 292, 294. [109] Dr. A.H. Keane, _The Worlds Peoples_, London, Hutchinson, 190
- 134 [157] This view of sacrifice was first enunciated by Professor Robertson Smith in the article on Sacrifice in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, and _The Religion of the Semites_.[158] _History of Human Marriage_, p. 324.[159] Many instances are also given b
- 135 [207] Para. 48 above.[208] See article on Rajput, para. 9.[209] _The Magic Art_, ii. p. 89, quoting Satapatha Brahmana.[210] See article on Kasai.[211] See account in article on Kasai.[212] _Orpheus_, pp. 123, 125.[213] 7th ed. p. 300.[214] _Origin of Civ
- 136 [257] _Ibidem_, p. 113.[258] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 118.[259] Lillingston, p. 96.[260] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 133.[261] _Brahmans, Theists_, pp. 131, 139, 140.[262] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 148.[263] This article is compiled from the notices in Wilson�
- 137 [307] _Ibidem_, p. 66. [308] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 147,148, from which the whole paragraph is taken. [309] _Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj._ p. 150. [310] Temples _Proper Names of the Punjabis_, pp. 41, 43. [311] _Qanun-Islam_, p. 20. [312] _Ibidem_. [313] _Qan
- 138 [357] _Great Religions of India_.[358] _Orpheus_, p. 96.[359] _Ibidem_, p. 98.[360] Haug, p. 199.[361] Sykes' _Persia and its People_, p. 180; _Great Religions of India_, p. 173.[362] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_ p. 190.[363
- 139 [403] See also article Ahir.[404] Kabirpanthi, Nanakpanthi, Dadupanthi, Swami-Narayan, etc.[405] This article is based on Professor Wilson's _Hindu Sects_, M. Chevrillon's _Romantic India_, and some notes collected by Muns.h.i.+ Kanhya Lal of the Gazett
- 140 [453] _Ibidem_, p. 280.[454] _Satara Gazetteer_, p, 41.[455] _Nasik Gazetteer_, p. 54.[456] This account is taken from inquiries made by Mr. Hira Lal in Patna.[457] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bauri.[458] From a paper by Mr. Kripasindh Tripathi, H
- 141 [503] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xvii. (_Sholapur_), p. 234. [504] _Bombay Gazetteer, Belgaum_, p. 250. [505] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Sikligar. [506] Based on a paper by Mr. Gokul Prasad, Naib-Tahsildar, Dhamtari. [507] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art.
- 142 The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.by R. V. Russell.PART II ARTICLES ON CASTES AND TRIBES AGARIA--FAKIR Agaria 1. Origin and subdivisions.Agaria. [1]--A small Dravidian caste, who are an offshoot of the Gond tribe. The Agarias have ad
- 143 9. Marriage customs.As a rule, girls may be married before or after p.u.b.erty, but the Golkars of Chanda insist on infant marriage, and fine the parents if an unmarried girl becomes adolescent. On the other hand, the Kaonra Ahirs of Mandla make a practic
- 144 Marriage between members of the same sept is prohibited, and also between first cousins, except that a sister's son may marry a brother's daughter. Until recently marriage has been adult, but girls are now wedded as children, and betrothals are sometime
- 145 3. Instances of dacoities.Colonel Sleeman thus described a dacoity in the town of Narsinghpur when he was in charge of that District: [43] "In February 1822, in the dusk of the evening, a party of about thirty persons, with nothing seemingly but walking-
- 146 On the other hand, Mr. Crooke states [69] that in northern India, "The standard of morality is very low because in Muzaffarnagar it is extremely rare for a Bawaria woman to live with her husband. Almost invariably she lives with another man: but the offi
- 147 Baiga List of Paragraphs 1. _The tribe and its offshoots._ 2. _Tribal legends._ 3. _Tribal subdivisions._ 4. _Marriage._ 5. _Birth and funeral rites._ 6. _Religion._ 7. _Appearance and mode of life._ 8. _Dress and food._ 9. _Occupation._ 10. _Language._ 1
- 148 List of Paragraphs 1. _Definition of name and statistics._ 2. _The four Sampradayas or main orders._ 3. _The Ramanujis._ 4. _The Ramanandis._ 5. _The Nimanandis._ 6. _The Madhavacharyas._ 7. _The Vallabhacharyas._ 8. _Minor sects._ 9. _The seven Akharas._
- 149 Among the Bairagis, besides the four Sampradayas or main orders, there are seven Akharas. These are military divisions or schools for training, and were inst.i.tuted when the Bairagis had to fight with the Gosains. Any member of one of the four Sampradaya
- 150 _Balija, Balji, Gurusthulu, Naidu._--A large trading caste of the Madras Presidency, where they number a million persons. In the Central Provinces 1200 were enumerated in 1911, excluding 1500 Perikis, who though really a subcaste and not a very exalted on
- 151 The Banias have been commonly supposed to represent the Vaishyas or third of the four cla.s.sical castes, both by Hindu society generally and by leading authorities on the subject. It is perhaps this view of their origin which is partly responsible for th
- 152 The cultivators rarely get fair treatment from the Banias, as the odds are too much against them. They must have money to sow their land, and live while the crops are growing, and the majority who have no capital are at the moneylender's mercy. He is of
- 153 _Bania, Charnagri, Channagri, Samaiya._--The Charnagris are a small Jain subcaste which numbered about 2500 persons in 1911, residing princ.i.p.ally in the Damoh and Chhindwara Districts. They are the followers of one Taran Swami, who is said to have live
- 154 1. Origin._Bania, Parwar._ [165]--This Jain subcaste numbered nearly 29,000 persons in 1911. They belong almost entirely to the Jubbulpore and Nerbudda Divisions, and the great bulk are found in the Saugor, Damoh and Jubbulpore Districts. The origin of th
- 155 One may suppose that the Charans having acted as carriers for the Rajput chiefs and courts, both in time of peace and in their continuous intestinal feuds, were pressed into service when the Mughal armies entered Rajputana and pa.s.sed through it to Gujar
- 156 16. Human sacrifice.Several instances are known also of the Banjaras having practised human sacrifice. Mr. Thurston states: [213] "In former times the Lambadis, before setting out on a journey, used to procure a little child and bury it in the ground up
- 157 "It has been mentioned," says Sir H. Risley, [238] "that the garden is regarded as almost sacred, and the superst.i.tious practices in vogue resemble those of the silk-worm breeder. The Barui will not enter it until he has bathed and washed his clothes
- 158 2. Caste traditions.The caste trace their origin from Raja Benu or Venu who ruled at Singorgarh in Damoh. It is related of him that he was so pious that he raised no taxes from his subjects, but earned his livelihood by making and selling bamboo fans. He
- 159 The Beldars of Chhattisgarh are divided into the Odia or Uriya, Larhia, Kuchbandhia, Matkuda and Karigar groups. Uriya and Larhia are local names, applied to residents of the Uriya country and Chhattisgarh respectively. Odia is the name of a low Madras ca
- 160 3. Internal structure: Totemism.The tribe has two subdivisions of a territorial nature, Laria or Chhattisgarhi, and Uriya. The Uriya Bhainas will accept food cooked without water from the Sawaras or Saonrs, and these also from them; so that they have prob
- 161 1. Origin and tribal legend._Bharia, Bharia-Bhumia._ [277]--A Dravidian tribe numbering about 50,000 persons and residing princ.i.p.ally in the Jubbulpore District, which contains a half of the total number. The others are found in Chhindwara and Bilaspur
- 162 5. Social customs.The customs of the Bhats resemble those of other castes of corresponding status. The higher Bhats forbid the remarriage of widows, and expel a girl who becomes pregnant before marriage. They carry a dagger, the special emblem of the Char
- 163 Another and mild form of _Dharna_ is that known as _Khatpati_. When a woman is angry with her husband on account of his having refused her some request, she will put her bed in a corner of the room and go and lie on it, turning her face to the wall, and r
- 164 Outsiders are not as a rule admitted. But a woman of equal or higher caste who enters the house of a Bhatra will be recognised as his wife, and a man of the Panara, or gardener caste, can also become a member of the community if he lives with a Bhatra wom
- 165 The Rajputs seem at first to have treated the Bhils leniently. Intermarriage was frequent, especially in the families of Bhil chieftains, and a new caste called Bhilala [317] has arisen, which is composed of the descendants of mixed Rajput and Bhil marria
- 166 2. Marriage.The caste, for the purpose of avoiding marriages between relations, are also divided into exogamous groups called _kul_ or _kuri_, several of the names of which are of totemistic origin or derived from those of animals and plants. Members of t
- 167 1. _The tribe and its name._ 2. _Distribution of the tribe._ 3. _Example of the position of the aborigines in Hindu society._ 4. _The Bhuiyas a Kolarian tribe._ 5. _The Baigas and the Bhuiyas. Chhattisgarh the home of the Baigas._ 6. _The Baigas a branch
- 168 The dead are either buried or burnt, the corpse being placed always with the feet pointing to its native village. On the tenth day the soul of the dead person is called back to the house. But if a man is killed by a tiger or by falling from a tree no mour
- 169 Binjhwar List of Paragraphs 1. _Origin and tradition._ 2. _Tribal subdivisions._ 3. _Marriage._ 4. _The marriage ceremony._ 5. _s.e.xual morality._ 6. _Disposal of the dead._ 7. _Religion._ 8. _Festivals._ 9. _Social customs._ 1. Origin and tradition._Bin
- 170 2. Precepts of Jhambaji."The sayings (_shabd_) of Jhambaji, to the number of one hundred and twenty, were recorded by his disciples, and have been handed down in a book (_pothi_) which is written in the Nagari character, and in a Hindu dialect similar to
- 171 "Their burial-grounds have a pleasing appearance, the tombs being regularly arranged in streets, east and west. The tombs themselves, which are, of course, north and south, the corpse resting on its right side, differ in no respect from those of Sunnis,
- 172 The Brahman caste has ten main territorial divisions, forming two groups, the Panch-Gaur or five northern, and the Panch-Dravida or five southern. The boundary line between the two groups is supposed to be the Nerbudda River, which is also the boundary be
- 173 14. Funeral rites and mourning.The bodies of children dying before they are named, or before the tonsure ceremony is performed on them, are buried, and those of other persons are burnt. In the grave of a small child some of its mother's milk, or, if this
- 174 25. Character of Brahmans.Many hard things have been said about the Brahman caste and have not been undeserved. The Brahman priesthood displayed in a marked degree the vices of arrogance, greed, hypocrisy and dissimulation, which would naturally be engend
- 175 _Brahman, Utkal._--These are the Brahmans of Orissa and one of the Panch-Gaur divisions. They are divided into two groups, the Daks.h.i.+natya or southern and the Jajpuria or northern clan. The Utkal Brahmans, who first settled in Sambalpur, are known as
- 176 10. Occupation.The curing and tanning of hides is the primary occupation of the Chamar, but in 1911 only 80,000 persons, or about a seventh of the actual workers of the caste, were engaged in it, and by Satnamis the trade has been entirely eschewed. The m
- 177 Chauhan _Chauhan._ [471]--A small caste of village watchmen and labourers in the Chhattisgarh Division. They are also known as Chandel by outsiders. In 1911 the Chauhans numbered 7000 persons in the Raipur and Bilaspur Districts, and the adjoining Feudato
- 178 If tiger's claws are used for an amulet, the points must be turned outwards. If any one intends to wish luck to a child, he says, '_Tori balayan leun_,' and waves his hands round the child's head several times to signify that he takes upon himself all
- 179 Dahait [487]List of Paragraphs 1. _Origin of the caste._ 2. _Internal structure: totemism._ 3. _Marriage and other customs._ 4. _Social position._ 5. _Former occupations, door-keeper and mace-bearer._ 6. _The umbrella._ 7. _Significance of the umbrella._
- 180 Dangi 1. Origin and traditions._Dangi._--A cultivating caste found almost exclusively in the Saugor District, which contained 23,000 persons out of a total of 24,000 of the caste in the Central Provinces in 1911. There are also considerable numbers of the
- 181 In the Central Provinces, at least, the Darzi caste is practically confined to the towns, and though cotton jackets are worn even by labourers and s.h.i.+rts by the better-to-do, these are usually bought ready-made at the more important markets. Women, mo
- 182 The Dhakars are mainly engaged in cultivation as farmservants and labourers. Like the Halbas, they consider it a sin to heat or forge iron, looking upon the metal as sacred. They eat the flesh of clean animals, but abstain from both pigs and chickens, and
- 183 Marriage within the sept is prohibited, and usually also between first cousins. Girls are commonly married a year or two after they arrive at maturity. The father of the boy looks out for a suitable girl for his son and sends a friend to make the proposal
- 184 List of Paragraphs 1. _General notice._ 2. _Subcastes._ 3. _Exogamous groups._ 4. _Marriage._ 5. _Childbirth._ 6. _Disposal of the dead._ 7. _Religion._ 8. _Occupation: fisherman._ 9. _Water-carrier._ 10. _Palanquin-bearer and personal servant._ 11. _Othe
- 185 13. Legend of the caste.The Dhimars are proverbially of a cheerful disposition, though simple and easily cheated. When carrying _palkis_ or litters at night they talk continually or sing monotonous songs to lighten the tedium of the way. In ill.u.s.tratio
- 186 After a birth the mother is allowed no food for some days except country sugar and dates. The child is given some honey and castor-oil for the first two days and is then allowed to suckle the mother. A pit is dug inside the lying-in room, and in this are
- 187 The only other _gots_ besides those given above are Kachhap (tortoise), Uluk (owl) and Limb (_nim_-tree). The _gots_ are thus totemistic, and the animal or plant giving its name to the _got_ is venerated and wors.h.i.+pped. The names of _bargas_ are diver
- 188 [15] _Ind. Ant._ (Jan. 1911), Foreign Elements in the Hindu Population, by Mr. D. R. Bhandarkar. [16] Elliot, _Supplemental Glossary_, _s.v._ Ahir. [17] _Early History of India_, 3rd ed. p. 286. [18] Elliot, _ibidem._ [19] _Bombay Monograph on Ahir._ [20]
- 189 [65] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bawaria.[66] _Sirsa Settlement Report._ [67] It would appear that the Gujarat Vaghris are a distinct cla.s.s from the criminal section of the tribe.[68] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Gujarat Hindus_, p. 514.[69] Art. Bawari
- 190 [114] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 277.[115] See para. 19 below.[116] See commencement of article.[117] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), Occupation Chapter, Subsidiary Table I. p. 234.[118] For examples, the subordinate articles on Agarwal, Oswal, Mahesh
- 191 [164] Bhattacharya, _Hindu Castes and Sects_, p. 207.[165] This article is based on papers by Mr. Pancham Lal, Naib-Tahsildar Sihora, and Muns.h.i.+ Kanhya Lal, of the Gazetteer office.[166] See also notice of Benaikias in article on Vidur.[167] _Bombay G
- 192 [214] _Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies_, p. 70.[215] _Monograph_, p. 19.[216] The Patwas are weavers of silk thread and the Nunias are masons and navvies.[217] An impure caste of weavers, ranking with the Mahars.[218] _Semecarpus Anacardium._ [219]
- 193 [264] For the meaning of the term Baiga and its application to the tribe, see also article on Bhuiya.[265] It is or was, of course, a common practice for a husband to cut off his wife's nose if he suspected her of being unfaithful to him. But whether the
- 194 [314] Reference may be made to _The Golden Bough_ for the full explanation and ill.u.s.tration of this superst.i.tion. [315] _Rajasthan_, ii. pp. 320, 321. [316] _History of the Marathas_, i. p. 28. [317] See article. [318] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 466. [319]
- 195 [364] _Ibidem_, p. 141.[365] In the article on Binjhwar, it was supposed that the Baigas migrated east from the Satpura hills into Chhattisgarh. But the evidence adduced above appears to show that this view is incorrect.[366] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bin
- 196 [414] London, Heinemann (1897), pp. 84-91.[415] This is the famous Gayatri.[416] It is not known how a slip-knot and a garland are connected with any incarnation of Vishnu. For the incarnations see articles Vaishnava sect.[417] In the Central Provinces Ga
- 197 [464] The above is an abridgment of the description in Mr. Trench's _Monograph_, to which reference may be made for further details.[465] _Monograph on the Leather Industries_, pp. 10, 11.[466] _Melia indica._ [467] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 149.[
- 198 [514] Vol. i. pp. 178-184.[515] Webb's _Heritage of Dress_, p. 33.[516] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 180, quoting from Ovington, _Voyage to Surat_, p. 280.[517] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 180.[518] _Bombay Gazetteer, Nasik_, p
- 199 [564] Hughes, p. 116. [565] _Punjab Census Report_ (1891), p. 196. [566] Hughes _Dictionary of Islam_, art. Fakir.……
- 200 The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.by R. V. Russell.Volume 3.PART III ARTICLES ON CASTES AND TRIBES GARARDIA--KOSHTI Gadaria List of Paragraphs 1. General notice.2. Subdivisions.3. Marriage customs.4. Religion and funeral rites.5. Soc