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The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Novel Chapters
List of most recent chapters published for the The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India novel. A total of 336 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024
Latest Release: Chapter 1 : The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This b
The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This book is the result of the arrangement made by the Government of India, on the suggestion of the late Sir Herbert Risley, for the preparation of an ethnological account
- 236 "At a later period the conception is found current that any food which two men partake of together, so that the same substance enters into their flesh and blood, is enough to establish some sacred unity of life between them; but in ancient times this sig
- 235 12. Taking food together and hospitality.13. The Roman sacra.14. The Hindu caste-feasts.15. Sacrifice of the camel.16. The joint sacrifice.17. Animal sacrifices in Greece.18. The Pa.s.sover.19. Sanct.i.ty of domestic animals.20. Sacrificial slaughter for
- 234 4. The Doms.The Doms appear to be one of the chief aboriginal tribes of northern India, who were reduced to servitude like the Mahars and Chamars. Sir H. M. Elliot considered them to be "One of the original tribes of India. Tradition fixes their residenc
- 233 11. Hair.The men shave the whole head on the death of a father or other venerable relative, but otherwise they never cut their hair, and let it grow long, twisting it into a bunch at the back of the head. They shave off or eradicate the hair of the face a
- 232 13. Customs in connection with drinking.The country liquor, consisting of spirits distilled from the flowers of the mahua tree, is an indispensable adjunct to marriage and other ceremonial feasts among the lower castes of Hindus and the non-Aryan tribes.
- 231 The caste has a number of subdivisions, of which the bulk are of the territorial type, as Malvi or the immigrants from Malwa, Lad those coming from south Gujarat, Daharia belonging to Dahar or the Jubbulpore country, Jaiswar and Kanaujia coming from Oudh.
- 230 that they are the remnants of the Kaikeyas, who before the Christian era dwelt north of the Jalandhar Doab. Two subcastes exist in Nimar, the Marathas and the Phirasti or wandering Kaikaris, the former no doubt representing recruits from Maratha castes, n
- 229 After a birth neither the mother nor child are given anything to eat the first day; and on the second they bring a young calf and give a little of its urine to the child, and to the mother a little sugar and the half of a cocoanut. In the evening of this
- 228 Julaha Julaha, Momin.--A low Muhammadan caste of weavers resident mainly in Saugor and Burhanpur. They numbered about 4000 persons in 1911. In Nagpur District the Muhammadan weavers generally call themselves Momin, a word meaning 'orthodox.' In northern
- 227 Parashram. From Parasurama or Rama with the axe, one of the incarnations of Vishnu.Gadadhar. Wielder of the club or gada.Jagannath. Lord of the world.d.i.n.kar. The sun, or he who makes the days (din karna).Bhagwan. The fortunate or ill.u.s.trious.Anant.
- 226 Four seven-day weeks were within a day and a fraction of the lunar month, which was the nearest that could be got. The first method of measuring the year would be by twelve lunar months, which would bring it back nearly to the same period. But as the luna
- 225 9. Sagittarius. The archer. Dha.n.u.s or Chapa.10. Capricornus. The goat. Makara (said to mean a sea-monster).11. Aquarius. The water-bearer. k.u.mbha (a water-pot).12. Pisces. The fishes. Mina.The signs of the zodiac were nearly the same among the Greeks
- 224 as a warning to backers to place their money on the board before beginning to turn the fish.13. Swindling practices.These people also deal in ornaments of base metal and practise other swindles. One of their tricks is to drop a ring or ornament of counter
- 223 "Without entering into unnecessary details, many of which are simply disgusting, I shall quote, as samples, a few of the rules of practice required to be followed by the would-be Yogi in order to induce a state of Samadhi--hypnotism or trance--which is t
- 222 1. General notice.Jhadi Telenga. [190]--A small caste in the Bastar State who appear to be a mixture of Gonds and the lower Telugu castes, the name meaning 'The jungly Telugus.' Those living in the open country are called Mandar Telengas. In the census
- 221 "But whether Jats and Rajputs were or were not originally distinct, and whatever aboriginal elements may have been affiliated to their society, I think that the two now form a common stock, the distinction between Jat and Rajput being social rather than
- 220 3. Marriage and other customs.The social customs of the Injhwars resemble those of the lower Maratha castes. [173] Marriage is forbidden between members of the same sept and first cousins, and a man should also not take a wife from the sept of his brother
- 219 Halwai.--The occupational caste of confectioners, numbering about 3000 persons in the Central Provinces and Berar in 1911. The Halwai takes his name from halwa, a sweet made of flour, clarified b.u.t.ter and sugar, coloured with saffron and flavoured with
- 218 9. Going-away ceremony.After the wedding if the bride is grown up she lives with her husband at once; but if she is a child she goes back to her parents until her adolescence, when the ceremony of Pathoni or 'Going away' is performed. On this occasion s
- 217 HALBA List of Paragraphs 1. Traditions of the caste.2. Halba landowners in Bastar and Bhandara.3. Internal structure. Subcastes.4. Exogamous sections.5. Theory of the origin of the caste.6. Marriage.7. Importance of the sister's son.8. The wedding ceremo
- 216 6. Disposal of the dead.The bodies of unmarried persons are buried, and also of those who die of any epidemic disease. Others are cremated. The funeral of an elderly man of good means and family is an occasion for great display. A large feast is given and
- 215 The Gowaris have exogamous sections of the t.i.tular and totemistic types, such as Chachania from chachan, a bird, Lohar from loha iron, Ambadare a mango-branch, Kohria from the Kohri or Kohli caste, Sarwaina a Gond sept, and Rawat the name of the Ahir ca
- 214 4. Dress.The novice is dressed in a cloth coloured with geru or red ochre, such as the Gosains usually wear. It is probable that the red or pink colour is meant to symbolise blood and to signify that the Gosains allow the sacrifice of animals and the cons
- 213 Gondhali Gondhali. [97]--A caste or order of wandering beggars and musicians found in the Maratha Districts of the Central Provinces and in Berar. The name is derived from the Marathi word gondharne, to make a noise. In 1911 the Gondhalis numbered about 3
- 212 The following detailed process of purification had to be undergone by a well-to-do Gond widow in Mandla who had been detected with a man of the Panka caste, lying drunk and naked in a liquor-shop. The Gonds here consider the Pankas socially beneath themse
- 211 65. Tattooing.Both men and women were formerly much tattooed among the Gonds, though the custom is now going out among men. Women are tattooed over a large part of the body, but not on the hips or above them to the waist. Sorcerers are tattooed with some
- 210 It may be noted that the account is based on hearsay only, and such stories are often circulated about savage races. But if correct, it would indicate probably only a ritual form of cannibalism. The idea of the Gonds in eating the bodies of their relative
- 209 The religious practices of the Gonds present much variety. The tribal divisions into groups wors.h.i.+pping seven, six, five and four G.o.ds, already referred to, are generally held to refer to the number of G.o.ds which a man has in his house. But very f
- 208 28. Superst.i.tions about pregnancy and childbirth.No special rites are observed during pregnancy, and the superst.i.tions about women in this condition resemble those of the Hindus. [65]A pregnant woman must not go near a horse or elephant, as they think
- 207 Paiyam. Paiya is a heifer which has not borne a calf, such as is offered to the G.o.ds. Other Gonds say that the people of this sept have no G.o.ds. They are said not only to marry a girl from any other subsept of the Dhurwas and Uikas, but from their own
- 206 The next episode is taken from a slightly different local version: And while they were cooking their food at the river a great flood came up, but all the Gonds crossed safely except the four G.o.ds, Tekam, Markam, Pusam and Telengam. [52] These were delay
- 205 He approached the fire where Rikad Gawadi was sleeping.The giant seemed like a log lying close to the fire; his teeth were hideously visible; His mouth was gaping. Lingo looked at the old man while sleeping.His eyes were shut. Lingo said, This is not a go
- 204 3. Derivation of name and origin of the Gonds.The derivation of the word Gond is uncertain. It is the name given to the tribe by the Hindus or Muhammadans, as their own name for themselves is Koitur or Koi. General Cunningham considered that the name Gond
- 203 19. Wedding expenditure.20. Special customs.21. Taking omens.22. Marriage by capture. Weeping and hiding.23. Serving for a wife.24. Widow remarriage.25. Divorce.26. Polygamy.(d) Birth and Pregnancy 27. Menstruation.28. Superst.i.tions about pregnancy and
- 202 Their septs are of the usual low-caste type, being named after animals, inanimate objects or nicknames of ancestors. One of them is Panch-biha or 'He who had five wives,' and another Kul-dip or 'The sept of the lamp.' Members of this sept will stop ea
- 201 1. Origin of the caste.Garpagari. [17]--A caste of village menials whose function it is to avert hailstorms from the crops. They are found princ.i.p.ally in the Maratha Districts of the Nagpur country and Berar, and numbered 9000 persons in 1911. The name
- 200 The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.by R. V. Russell.Volume 3.PART III ARTICLES ON CASTES AND TRIBES GARARDIA--KOSHTI Gadaria List of Paragraphs 1. General notice.2. Subdivisions.3. Marriage customs.4. Religion and funeral rites.5. Soc
- 199 [564] Hughes, p. 116. [565] _Punjab Census Report_ (1891), p. 196. [566] Hughes _Dictionary of Islam_, art. Fakir.……
- 198 [514] Vol. i. pp. 178-184.[515] Webb's _Heritage of Dress_, p. 33.[516] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 180, quoting from Ovington, _Voyage to Surat_, p. 280.[517] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 180.[518] _Bombay Gazetteer, Nasik_, p
- 197 [464] The above is an abridgment of the description in Mr. Trench's _Monograph_, to which reference may be made for further details.[465] _Monograph on the Leather Industries_, pp. 10, 11.[466] _Melia indica._ [467] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 149.[
- 196 [414] London, Heinemann (1897), pp. 84-91.[415] This is the famous Gayatri.[416] It is not known how a slip-knot and a garland are connected with any incarnation of Vishnu. For the incarnations see articles Vaishnava sect.[417] In the Central Provinces Ga
- 195 [364] _Ibidem_, p. 141.[365] In the article on Binjhwar, it was supposed that the Baigas migrated east from the Satpura hills into Chhattisgarh. But the evidence adduced above appears to show that this view is incorrect.[366] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bin
- 194 [314] Reference may be made to _The Golden Bough_ for the full explanation and ill.u.s.tration of this superst.i.tion. [315] _Rajasthan_, ii. pp. 320, 321. [316] _History of the Marathas_, i. p. 28. [317] See article. [318] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 466. [319]
- 193 [264] For the meaning of the term Baiga and its application to the tribe, see also article on Bhuiya.[265] It is or was, of course, a common practice for a husband to cut off his wife's nose if he suspected her of being unfaithful to him. But whether the
- 192 [214] _Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies_, p. 70.[215] _Monograph_, p. 19.[216] The Patwas are weavers of silk thread and the Nunias are masons and navvies.[217] An impure caste of weavers, ranking with the Mahars.[218] _Semecarpus Anacardium._ [219]
- 191 [164] Bhattacharya, _Hindu Castes and Sects_, p. 207.[165] This article is based on papers by Mr. Pancham Lal, Naib-Tahsildar Sihora, and Muns.h.i.+ Kanhya Lal, of the Gazetteer office.[166] See also notice of Benaikias in article on Vidur.[167] _Bombay G
- 190 [114] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 277.[115] See para. 19 below.[116] See commencement of article.[117] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), Occupation Chapter, Subsidiary Table I. p. 234.[118] For examples, the subordinate articles on Agarwal, Oswal, Mahesh
- 189 [65] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bawaria.[66] _Sirsa Settlement Report._ [67] It would appear that the Gujarat Vaghris are a distinct cla.s.s from the criminal section of the tribe.[68] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Gujarat Hindus_, p. 514.[69] Art. Bawari
- 188 [15] _Ind. Ant._ (Jan. 1911), Foreign Elements in the Hindu Population, by Mr. D. R. Bhandarkar. [16] Elliot, _Supplemental Glossary_, _s.v._ Ahir. [17] _Early History of India_, 3rd ed. p. 286. [18] Elliot, _ibidem._ [19] _Bombay Monograph on Ahir._ [20]
- 187 The only other _gots_ besides those given above are Kachhap (tortoise), Uluk (owl) and Limb (_nim_-tree). The _gots_ are thus totemistic, and the animal or plant giving its name to the _got_ is venerated and wors.h.i.+pped. The names of _bargas_ are diver
- 186 After a birth the mother is allowed no food for some days except country sugar and dates. The child is given some honey and castor-oil for the first two days and is then allowed to suckle the mother. A pit is dug inside the lying-in room, and in this are
- 185 13. Legend of the caste.The Dhimars are proverbially of a cheerful disposition, though simple and easily cheated. When carrying _palkis_ or litters at night they talk continually or sing monotonous songs to lighten the tedium of the way. In ill.u.s.tratio
- 184 List of Paragraphs 1. _General notice._ 2. _Subcastes._ 3. _Exogamous groups._ 4. _Marriage._ 5. _Childbirth._ 6. _Disposal of the dead._ 7. _Religion._ 8. _Occupation: fisherman._ 9. _Water-carrier._ 10. _Palanquin-bearer and personal servant._ 11. _Othe
- 183 Marriage within the sept is prohibited, and usually also between first cousins. Girls are commonly married a year or two after they arrive at maturity. The father of the boy looks out for a suitable girl for his son and sends a friend to make the proposal
- 182 The Dhakars are mainly engaged in cultivation as farmservants and labourers. Like the Halbas, they consider it a sin to heat or forge iron, looking upon the metal as sacred. They eat the flesh of clean animals, but abstain from both pigs and chickens, and
- 181 In the Central Provinces, at least, the Darzi caste is practically confined to the towns, and though cotton jackets are worn even by labourers and s.h.i.+rts by the better-to-do, these are usually bought ready-made at the more important markets. Women, mo
- 180 Dangi 1. Origin and traditions._Dangi._--A cultivating caste found almost exclusively in the Saugor District, which contained 23,000 persons out of a total of 24,000 of the caste in the Central Provinces in 1911. There are also considerable numbers of the
- 179 Dahait [487]List of Paragraphs 1. _Origin of the caste._ 2. _Internal structure: totemism._ 3. _Marriage and other customs._ 4. _Social position._ 5. _Former occupations, door-keeper and mace-bearer._ 6. _The umbrella._ 7. _Significance of the umbrella._
- 178 If tiger's claws are used for an amulet, the points must be turned outwards. If any one intends to wish luck to a child, he says, '_Tori balayan leun_,' and waves his hands round the child's head several times to signify that he takes upon himself all
- 177 Chauhan _Chauhan._ [471]--A small caste of village watchmen and labourers in the Chhattisgarh Division. They are also known as Chandel by outsiders. In 1911 the Chauhans numbered 7000 persons in the Raipur and Bilaspur Districts, and the adjoining Feudato
- 176 10. Occupation.The curing and tanning of hides is the primary occupation of the Chamar, but in 1911 only 80,000 persons, or about a seventh of the actual workers of the caste, were engaged in it, and by Satnamis the trade has been entirely eschewed. The m
- 175 _Brahman, Utkal._--These are the Brahmans of Orissa and one of the Panch-Gaur divisions. They are divided into two groups, the Daks.h.i.+natya or southern and the Jajpuria or northern clan. The Utkal Brahmans, who first settled in Sambalpur, are known as
- 174 25. Character of Brahmans.Many hard things have been said about the Brahman caste and have not been undeserved. The Brahman priesthood displayed in a marked degree the vices of arrogance, greed, hypocrisy and dissimulation, which would naturally be engend
- 173 14. Funeral rites and mourning.The bodies of children dying before they are named, or before the tonsure ceremony is performed on them, are buried, and those of other persons are burnt. In the grave of a small child some of its mother's milk, or, if this
- 172 The Brahman caste has ten main territorial divisions, forming two groups, the Panch-Gaur or five northern, and the Panch-Dravida or five southern. The boundary line between the two groups is supposed to be the Nerbudda River, which is also the boundary be
- 171 "Their burial-grounds have a pleasing appearance, the tombs being regularly arranged in streets, east and west. The tombs themselves, which are, of course, north and south, the corpse resting on its right side, differ in no respect from those of Sunnis,
- 170 2. Precepts of Jhambaji."The sayings (_shabd_) of Jhambaji, to the number of one hundred and twenty, were recorded by his disciples, and have been handed down in a book (_pothi_) which is written in the Nagari character, and in a Hindu dialect similar to
- 169 Binjhwar List of Paragraphs 1. _Origin and tradition._ 2. _Tribal subdivisions._ 3. _Marriage._ 4. _The marriage ceremony._ 5. _s.e.xual morality._ 6. _Disposal of the dead._ 7. _Religion._ 8. _Festivals._ 9. _Social customs._ 1. Origin and tradition._Bin
- 168 The dead are either buried or burnt, the corpse being placed always with the feet pointing to its native village. On the tenth day the soul of the dead person is called back to the house. But if a man is killed by a tiger or by falling from a tree no mour
- 167 1. _The tribe and its name._ 2. _Distribution of the tribe._ 3. _Example of the position of the aborigines in Hindu society._ 4. _The Bhuiyas a Kolarian tribe._ 5. _The Baigas and the Bhuiyas. Chhattisgarh the home of the Baigas._ 6. _The Baigas a branch
- 166 2. Marriage.The caste, for the purpose of avoiding marriages between relations, are also divided into exogamous groups called _kul_ or _kuri_, several of the names of which are of totemistic origin or derived from those of animals and plants. Members of t
- 165 The Rajputs seem at first to have treated the Bhils leniently. Intermarriage was frequent, especially in the families of Bhil chieftains, and a new caste called Bhilala [317] has arisen, which is composed of the descendants of mixed Rajput and Bhil marria
- 164 Outsiders are not as a rule admitted. But a woman of equal or higher caste who enters the house of a Bhatra will be recognised as his wife, and a man of the Panara, or gardener caste, can also become a member of the community if he lives with a Bhatra wom
- 163 Another and mild form of _Dharna_ is that known as _Khatpati_. When a woman is angry with her husband on account of his having refused her some request, she will put her bed in a corner of the room and go and lie on it, turning her face to the wall, and r
- 162 5. Social customs.The customs of the Bhats resemble those of other castes of corresponding status. The higher Bhats forbid the remarriage of widows, and expel a girl who becomes pregnant before marriage. They carry a dagger, the special emblem of the Char
- 161 1. Origin and tribal legend._Bharia, Bharia-Bhumia._ [277]--A Dravidian tribe numbering about 50,000 persons and residing princ.i.p.ally in the Jubbulpore District, which contains a half of the total number. The others are found in Chhindwara and Bilaspur
- 160 3. Internal structure: Totemism.The tribe has two subdivisions of a territorial nature, Laria or Chhattisgarhi, and Uriya. The Uriya Bhainas will accept food cooked without water from the Sawaras or Saonrs, and these also from them; so that they have prob
- 159 The Beldars of Chhattisgarh are divided into the Odia or Uriya, Larhia, Kuchbandhia, Matkuda and Karigar groups. Uriya and Larhia are local names, applied to residents of the Uriya country and Chhattisgarh respectively. Odia is the name of a low Madras ca
- 158 2. Caste traditions.The caste trace their origin from Raja Benu or Venu who ruled at Singorgarh in Damoh. It is related of him that he was so pious that he raised no taxes from his subjects, but earned his livelihood by making and selling bamboo fans. He
- 157 "It has been mentioned," says Sir H. Risley, [238] "that the garden is regarded as almost sacred, and the superst.i.tious practices in vogue resemble those of the silk-worm breeder. The Barui will not enter it until he has bathed and washed his clothes
- 156 16. Human sacrifice.Several instances are known also of the Banjaras having practised human sacrifice. Mr. Thurston states: [213] "In former times the Lambadis, before setting out on a journey, used to procure a little child and bury it in the ground up
- 155 One may suppose that the Charans having acted as carriers for the Rajput chiefs and courts, both in time of peace and in their continuous intestinal feuds, were pressed into service when the Mughal armies entered Rajputana and pa.s.sed through it to Gujar
- 154 1. Origin._Bania, Parwar._ [165]--This Jain subcaste numbered nearly 29,000 persons in 1911. They belong almost entirely to the Jubbulpore and Nerbudda Divisions, and the great bulk are found in the Saugor, Damoh and Jubbulpore Districts. The origin of th
- 153 _Bania, Charnagri, Channagri, Samaiya._--The Charnagris are a small Jain subcaste which numbered about 2500 persons in 1911, residing princ.i.p.ally in the Damoh and Chhindwara Districts. They are the followers of one Taran Swami, who is said to have live
- 152 The cultivators rarely get fair treatment from the Banias, as the odds are too much against them. They must have money to sow their land, and live while the crops are growing, and the majority who have no capital are at the moneylender's mercy. He is of
- 151 The Banias have been commonly supposed to represent the Vaishyas or third of the four cla.s.sical castes, both by Hindu society generally and by leading authorities on the subject. It is perhaps this view of their origin which is partly responsible for th
- 150 _Balija, Balji, Gurusthulu, Naidu._--A large trading caste of the Madras Presidency, where they number a million persons. In the Central Provinces 1200 were enumerated in 1911, excluding 1500 Perikis, who though really a subcaste and not a very exalted on
- 149 Among the Bairagis, besides the four Sampradayas or main orders, there are seven Akharas. These are military divisions or schools for training, and were inst.i.tuted when the Bairagis had to fight with the Gosains. Any member of one of the four Sampradaya
- 148 List of Paragraphs 1. _Definition of name and statistics._ 2. _The four Sampradayas or main orders._ 3. _The Ramanujis._ 4. _The Ramanandis._ 5. _The Nimanandis._ 6. _The Madhavacharyas._ 7. _The Vallabhacharyas._ 8. _Minor sects._ 9. _The seven Akharas._
- 147 Baiga List of Paragraphs 1. _The tribe and its offshoots._ 2. _Tribal legends._ 3. _Tribal subdivisions._ 4. _Marriage._ 5. _Birth and funeral rites._ 6. _Religion._ 7. _Appearance and mode of life._ 8. _Dress and food._ 9. _Occupation._ 10. _Language._ 1
- 146 On the other hand, Mr. Crooke states [69] that in northern India, "The standard of morality is very low because in Muzaffarnagar it is extremely rare for a Bawaria woman to live with her husband. Almost invariably she lives with another man: but the offi
- 145 3. Instances of dacoities.Colonel Sleeman thus described a dacoity in the town of Narsinghpur when he was in charge of that District: [43] "In February 1822, in the dusk of the evening, a party of about thirty persons, with nothing seemingly but walking-
- 144 Marriage between members of the same sept is prohibited, and also between first cousins, except that a sister's son may marry a brother's daughter. Until recently marriage has been adult, but girls are now wedded as children, and betrothals are sometime
- 143 9. Marriage customs.As a rule, girls may be married before or after p.u.b.erty, but the Golkars of Chanda insist on infant marriage, and fine the parents if an unmarried girl becomes adolescent. On the other hand, the Kaonra Ahirs of Mandla make a practic
- 142 The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.by R. V. Russell.PART II ARTICLES ON CASTES AND TRIBES AGARIA--FAKIR Agaria 1. Origin and subdivisions.Agaria. [1]--A small Dravidian caste, who are an offshoot of the Gond tribe. The Agarias have ad
- 141 [503] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xvii. (_Sholapur_), p. 234. [504] _Bombay Gazetteer, Belgaum_, p. 250. [505] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Sikligar. [506] Based on a paper by Mr. Gokul Prasad, Naib-Tahsildar, Dhamtari. [507] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art.
- 140 [453] _Ibidem_, p. 280.[454] _Satara Gazetteer_, p, 41.[455] _Nasik Gazetteer_, p. 54.[456] This account is taken from inquiries made by Mr. Hira Lal in Patna.[457] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bauri.[458] From a paper by Mr. Kripasindh Tripathi, H
- 139 [403] See also article Ahir.[404] Kabirpanthi, Nanakpanthi, Dadupanthi, Swami-Narayan, etc.[405] This article is based on Professor Wilson's _Hindu Sects_, M. Chevrillon's _Romantic India_, and some notes collected by Muns.h.i.+ Kanhya Lal of the Gazett
- 138 [357] _Great Religions of India_.[358] _Orpheus_, p. 96.[359] _Ibidem_, p. 98.[360] Haug, p. 199.[361] Sykes' _Persia and its People_, p. 180; _Great Religions of India_, p. 173.[362] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_ p. 190.[363
- 137 [307] _Ibidem_, p. 66. [308] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 147,148, from which the whole paragraph is taken. [309] _Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj._ p. 150. [310] Temples _Proper Names of the Punjabis_, pp. 41, 43. [311] _Qanun-Islam_, p. 20. [312] _Ibidem_. [313] _Qan