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The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Novel Chapters
List of most recent chapters published for the The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India novel. A total of 336 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024
Latest Release: Chapter 1 : The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This b
The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This book is the result of the arrangement made by the Government of India, on the suggestion of the late Sir Herbert Risley, for the preparation of an ethnological account
- 336 [708] Sleeman, p. 196. [709] P. 91. [710] P. 67. [711] P. 100. [712] _Orpheus_ (M. Salomon Reinach), p. 316. [713] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Turi. [714] _North Arcot Manual_, i. p. 216. [715] _Indian Antiquary_ (1879), p. 216. [716] This article
- 335 [658] Temple and Fallon's _Hindustani Proverbs._ [659] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat,_ pp. 199, 200.[660] Pandian's _Indian Village Folk_, p. 41.[661] This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. D. Mitra, pleader, Sambalpur.[662] _Madras Census
- 334 [608] _Ibidem_, p. 254.[609] Sir D. Ibbetson, _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 577.[610] P. 259.[611] The description of a dacoity is combined from two accounts given at pp. 257, 273 of Colonel Sleeman's _Report_.[612] _Sorghum vulgare_.[613] Mad
- 333 [558] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Parihar.[559] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 389.[560] _Ibidem_, p. 413.[561] _Imperial Gazetteer_, art. Bali.[562] _Rajasthan_, ii. pp. 16, 17.[563] _Ibidem_, i. p. 81.[564] _Ibidem_, ii. p. 37
- 332 [508] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Chandel.[509] Sherring's _Castes and Tribes_, i. pp. 359, 360.[510] _Supplemental Glossary_, art. Bhar.[511] See art. Pasi.[512] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Chandel.[513] _Ibidem_.[514] _J
- 331 [458] Kitts' _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 157.[459] About 400 lbs.[460] _Early History of India_ (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd edition, p. 414.[461] _Early History of India_, pp. 252, 254.[462] _Ibidem_, p. 210.[463] _Ibidem_, p. 227.[464] Colon
- 330 [409] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 135.[410] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey_, art. Pardhi.[411] _Jungle Life in India_, pp. 586-587.[412] _Peasant Life in Bihar_, p. 80.[413] See Jerdon's _Mammals of India_, p, 97. The account there given is quoted
- 329 [359] _Ethnography_, p. 248.[360] _Tribes and Castes_, vol. ii. p. 141.[361] Panna Lal, Revenue Inspector.[362] _Sorghum halepense_.[363] _Sh.o.r.ea robusta_.[364] In Bilaspur the men have an iron comb in the hair with a circular end and two p.r.o.ngs lik
- 328 [309] S.C. Roy, _The Mundas and their Country_, p. 369.[310] W. Kirkpatrick in _J.A.S.B._, July 1911, p. 438.[311] _Golden Bough_, 3rd ed. vol. viii. p. 153.[312] _G.B._, 3rd ed., _Balder the Beautiful_, vol. ii. p. 103.[313] Dr. Jevons, _Introduction to
- 327 [259] Cunningham's _Archaeological Survey Reports_, xx. p. 24.[260] _Ibidem_.[261] General Cunningham's enumeration of the _pals_ is as follows: Five Jadon clans--Chhirkilta, Dalat, Dermot, Nai, Pundelot; five Tuar clans--Balot, Darwar, Kalesa,
- 326 [209] _Satara Gazetteer_, p. 64.[210] _Ibidem_, p. 75.[211] _Bombay Census Report_ (1907), _ibidem_.[212] _Letter on the Marathas_ (India Office Tracts).[213] _Satara Gazetteer_, p. 75.[214] Grant-Duff, 4th edition (1878), vol. i. pp. 70-72.[215] Forsyth,
- 325 [159] _Ibidem_, para. 484.[160] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_, para. 59.[161] Mr. Napier's _Bhandara Settlement Report_, quoted in article on Kohli.[162] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Mali.[163] _Brief View of the Caste System_, p. 15.[164] _La Cit
- 324 [109] This article is partly based on papers by Mr. P.B. Telang, Munsiff Seoni-Malwa, and Mr. Waman Rao Mandloi, naib-tahsildar, Harda.[110] This derivation is also negatived by the fact that the name Maharatta was known in the third century B.C., or long
- 323 [59] 2 lbs. [60] Elliot, _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_, p. 115. [61] The custom is pointed out by Mr. A. K. Smith, C.S. [62] _Central Provinces Census Report_ (1911), p. 153. [63] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 153. [64] Or his big toe. [65] _C.P. Cens
- 322 [9] _Orpheus_, p. 152.[10] The sacrifice is now falling into abeyance, as landowners refuse to supply the buffalo.[11] Dr. Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 368.[12] _Vide_ article on Lakhera.[13] _Rasmala_, i. p. 100.[14] _Ibidem_, p.
- 321 Vidur List of Paragraphs 1. _Origin and traditions_.2. _The Purads, Golaks and Borals_.3. _Illegitimacy among Hindustani castes_.4. _Legend of origin_.5. _Marriage_.6. _Social rules and occupation_.1. Origin and traditions _Vidur, [716] Bidur_.--A Maratha
- 320 24. Nature of the belief in omens The custom of the Thugs, and in a less degree of ignorant and primitive races generally, of being guided in their every action by the chance indications afforded from the voices and movements of birds and animals appears
- 319 11. Callous nature of the Thugs Like the Badhaks and other Indian robbers and the Italian banditti the Thugs were of a very religious or superst.i.tious turn of mind. There was not one among them, Colonel Sleeman wrote, [698] who doubted the divine origin
- 318 12. _Belief in divine support_.13. _Theory of Thuggee as a religious sect_.14. _Wors.h.i.+p of Kali_.15. _The sacred pickaxe_.16. _The sacred gur (sugar)_.17. _Wors.h.i.+p of ancestors_.18. _Fasting_.19. _Initiation of a novice_.20. _Prohibition of murder
- 317 8. Driving out evil Here on the third day after the Pola festival in the rains the women of the caste bring the branches of a th.o.r.n.y creeper, with very small leaves, and call it Marbod, and sweep out the whole house with it, saying: 'Ira, pira, khatk
- 316 1. The Tamera and Kasar _Tamera, Tambatkar_. [663]--The professional caste of coppersmiths, the name being derived from _tamba_, copper. The Tameras, however, like the Kasars or bra.s.s-workers, use copper, bra.s.s and bell-metal indifferently, and in the
- 315 The more ambitious members of the caste abjure all flesh and liquor, and wear the sacred thread. These will not take cooked food even from a Brahman. Others do not observe these restrictions. Brahmans will usually take water from Sunars, especially from t
- 314 At child-birth they make a little separate hut for the mother near the river where they are encamped, and she remains in it for two days and a half. During this time her husband does no work; he stays a few paces distant from his wife's hut and prepa
- 313 3. _Tribal subdivisions_.4. _Marriage_.5. _Death ceremonies_.6. _Religion_.7. _Occupation_.1. Distribution and historical notices _Savar, [626] Sawara, Savara, Saonr, Sahra_ (and several other variations. In Bundelkhand the Savars, there called Saonrs, ar
- 312 The Sansias say that their ancestors have always resided in Marwar and Ajmer. About twenty-four miles distant from Ajmer are two towns, Pisangan and Sagun; on their eastern side is a large tank, and the bones of all persons of the Sansia tribe who died in
- 311 The art of the Rangrez differs considerably from that of the Chhipa or Rangari, the Hindu dyer, and he produces a much greater variety of colours. His princ.i.p.al agents were formerly the safflower (_Carthamus tinctorius_), turmeric and myrobalans. The f
- 310 In 1614 Rana Amar Singh, recognising that further opposition was hopeless, made his submission to the emperor, on the condition that he should never have to present himself in person but might send his two sons in his place. This stipulation being accepte
- 309 Rajput, Dhakar _Rajput, Dhakar_.--In the Central Provinces this term has the meaning of one of illegitimate descent, and it is often used by the Kirars, who are probably of mixed descent from Rajputs. In northern India, however, the Dhakars are a clan of
- 308 Women are strictly secluded by the Rajputs, especially in Upper India, but this practice does not appear to have been customary in ancient times, and it would be interesting to know whether it has been copied from the Muhammadans. It is said that a good R
- 307 27. Badgujar.28. Sengar.29. Sikarwal.30. Bais.31. Dahia.32. Johia.33. Mohil.34. Nik.u.mbh.35. Rajpali.36. Dahima.And two extra, Hul and Daharia.Several of the above races are extinct or nearly so, and on the other hand some very important modern clans, as
- 306 Rajput [The following article is based mainly on Colonel Tod's cla.s.sical _Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan_, 2nd ed., Madras, Higginbotham, 1873, and Mr. Crooke's articles on the Rajput clans in his _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western P
- 305 8. The existing Pindaris While the freebooting Pindaris had no regular caste organisation, their descendants have now become more or less of a caste in accordance with the usual tendency of a distinctive occupation, producing a difference in status, to fo
- 304 7. Criminal tendencies Eighty years ago, when General Sleeman wrote, the Pasis were noted thieves. In his _Journey through Oudh_ [433] he states that in Oudh there were then supposed to be one hundred thousand families of Pasis, who were skilful thieves a
- 303 5. Nuptial ceremony The marriage takes place at the boy's house, where two marriage-sheds are made. It is noticeable that the bride on going to the bridegroom's house to be married is accompanied only by her female relatives, no man of her famil
- 302 8. Hunting with leopards The manner in which the Chita Pardhis use the hunting leopard (_Felis jubata_) for catching deer has often been described. [413] The leopard is caught full-grown by a noose in the manner related above. Its neck is first clasped in
- 301 4. Religion As the priests of the Gonds, the Pardhans are employed to conduct the ceremonial wors.h.i.+p of their great G.o.d Bura Deo, which takes place on the third day of the bright fortnight of Baisakh (April). Many goats or pigs are then offered to h
- 300 Make payment before he bathes with strange water; O Mother! how may he eat another's _banwat_? [392]Make payment before he eats another's _banwat_; O Mother! how shall he marry another woman?He shall wed her holding the little finger of her left
- 299 3. _The Panwar dynasty of Dhar and Ujjain_.4. _Diffusion of the Panwars over India_.5. _The Nagpur Panwars_.6. _Subdivisions_.7. _Marriage customs_.8. _Widow-marriage_.9. _Religion_.10. _Wors.h.i.+p of the spirits of those dying a violent death_.11. _Fune
- 298 The Oraons do not now admit outsiders into the tribe. There is no offence for which a man is permanently put out of caste, but a woman living with any man other than an Oraon is so expelled. Temporary expulsion is awarded for the usual offences. The head
- 297 15. Religion. The supreme deity The following account of the tribal religion is abridged from Father Dehon's full and interesting description: "The Oraons wors.h.i.+p a supreme G.o.d who is known as Dharmes; him they invoke in their greatest dif
- 296 _Oraon, Uraon, Kurukh, Dhangar, Kuda, Kisan._--The Oraons are an important Dravidian tribe of the Chota Nagpur plateau, numbering altogether about 750,000 persons, of whom 85,000 now belong to the Central Provinces, being residents of the Jashpur and Sarg
- 295 Generally the customs of the Nats show them to be the dregs of the population. There is no offence which entails permanent expulsion from caste. They will eat any kind of food including snakes, crocodiles and rats, and also take food from the hands of any
- 294 12. Significance of removal of the hair and shaving the head If the hair was considered to be the source of a man's strength and vigour, the removal of it would involve the loss of this and might be considered especially to debar him from fighting or
- 293 1. Structure of the caste _Nai, Nao, Mhali, Hajjam, Bhanari, Mangala_. [292]--The occupational caste of barbers. The name is said to be derived from the Sanskrit _napita_ according to some a corruption of _snapitri_, one who bathes. In Bundelkhand he is a
- 292 She put on her clothes and went to the forest; she met her lover and said you are welcome to me.He went to the bazar and bought potatoes; but if he had loved me he would have brought me liquor.The fish in the river are on the look-out; the Brahman's
- 291 Hindu sculpture has indeed been fairly prolific, but is not generally considered to have attained to any degree of artistic merit. Since sculpture is mainly concerned with the human form it seems clear that an appreciation of the beauty of muscular streng
- 290 Meo _Meo, Mewati._--The Muhammadan branch of the Mina tribe belonging to the country of Mewat in Rajputana which is comprised in the Alwar, Bharatpur and Jaipur States and the British District of Gurgaon. A few Meos were returned from the Hoshangabad and
- 289 The dead are usually buried, but the well-to-do sometimes cremate them. In Benares the face or hand of the corpse is scorched with fire to symbolise cremation and it is then buried. In the Punjab the ghosts of sweepers are considered to be malevolent and
- 288 "To recover an arrear of pay there is but one known mode which is universally adopted in all native services, the Mughal as well as the Maratha; this is called Dharna, [222] which consists in putting the debtor, be he who he will, into a state of res
- 287 "The physical type of the people of this region accords fairly well with this theory, while the arguments derived from language and religion do not seem to conflict with it.... On this view the wide-ranging forays of the Marathas, their guerilla meth
- 286 4. Widow marriage The remarriage of widows is permitted, and a widow may marry any one except persons of her own family group or her husband's elder brother, who stands to her in the light of a father. She is permitted, but not obliged, to marry her
- 285 _Mana_. [174]--A Dravidian caste of cultivators and labourers belonging to the Chanda District, from which they have spread to Nagpur, Bhandara and Balaghat. In 1911 they numbered nearly 50,000 persons, of whom 34,000 belonged to Chanda. The origin of the
- 284 And, Fairer than these, though temple thou hast none, Nor altar decked with flowers, Nor virgin choir to make delicious moan Upon the midnight hours.M. Fustel de Coulanges describes the custom of wearing crowns or garlands of flowers in ancient Rome and G
- 283 5. Marriage customs.Marriage within the sept is prohibited and for three generations between persons related through females. Marriage is adult, but matches are arranged by the parents of the parties. At betrothal the elders of the caste must be regaled w
- 282 12. Social rules When an outsider is to be received into the community all the hair on his face is shaved, being wetted with the urine of a boy belonging to the group to which he seeks admission. Mahars will eat all kinds of food including the flesh of cr
- 281 Mahar List of Paragraphs 1. _General Notice._ 2. _Length of residence in the Central Provinces._ 3. _Legend of origin._ 4. _Sub castes._ 5. _Exogamous groups and marriage customs._ 6. _Funeral rites._ 7. _Childbirth._ 8. _Names._ 9. _Religion._ 10. _Adopt
- 280 6. The gauna ceremoney. Fertility rites When the girl becomes mature the Gauna or going-away ceremony is performed. In Chhattisgarh before leaving her home the bride goes out with her sister and wors.h.i.+ps a _palas_ tree. [97] Her sister waves a lighted
- 279 Among the const.i.tuents of the Sohag or lucky _trousseau_ without which no Hindu girl of good caste can be married are _sendur_ or vermilion, _kunku_ or red powder or a spangle (_tikli_), and _mahawar_ or red b.a.l.l.s of cotton-wool. In Chhattisgarh and
- 278 s.h.i.+kare Hunter.Nahar Tiger.Gursaraiyan Gursarai, a town.Bardia A village.Sandia Sand, a bull.Sirwaiyan Sirwai, a village.Itguhan A village.Sengaiyan or Singaiyan Sengai, a village.Harkotia Harkoti, a village.Noria Norai, a village.Larent Lareti, a vil
- 277 Chatur Midalia Chatur, clever.Bharadwaj After the Ris.h.i.+ of that name; also a bird.Kousil Name of a Ris.h.i.+.Ishwar G.o.d.Samund Karkari A particle in an ocean.Akalchuwa Akal, famine.Padel Fallow.Baghmar Tiger-slayer.Harduba Green gra.s.s.Kansia Kans,
- 276 38. Women's clothes Women, in the northern Districts wear a skirt made of coa.r.s.e cloth, usually red or blue, and a shoulder-cloth of the same material. Hand-woven cloth is still commonly used in the interior. The skirt is sometimes drawn up throug
- 275 25. Mourning During the days of mourning the chief mourner sits apart and does no work. The others do their work but do not touch any one else, as they are impure. They leave their hair unkempt, do not wors.h.i.+p the G.o.ds nor sleep on cots, and abjure
- 274 During her periodical impurity, which lasts for four or five days, a woman should not sleep on a cot. She must not walk across the shadow of any man not her husband, because it is thought that if she does so her next child will be like that man. Formerly
- 273 44. _Caste penalties_.45. _The cultivating status_.46. _Occupation_._Appendix. List of exogamous clans._ 1. Numbers and derivation of name _Kurmi_. [52]--The representative cultivating caste of Hindustan or the country comprised roughly in the United Prov
- 272 An ordinary Kunbi village [38] contains between 70 and 80 houses or some 400 souls. The village generally lies on a slight eminence near a _nullah_ or stream, and is often nicely planted with tamarind or pipal trees. The houses are now generally tiled for
- 271 6. Restrictions on marriage of relatives A man is forbidden to marry within his own sept or _kul_, or in that of his mother or either of his grandmothers. He may marry his wife's younger sister but not her elder sister. Alliances between first and se
- 270 The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.Volume IV.by R.V. Russell.PART II ARTICLES ON CASTES AND TRIBES k.u.mHAR--YEMKALA VOL. IV k.u.mhar List of Paragraphs 1. _Traditions of origin_.2. _Caste subdivisions_.3. _Social Customs_.4. _The k.u
- 269 [573] Bombay City Census Report (1901) (Edwards).[574] Gujarat Gazetteer, p. 238.[575] Golden Book of India, s.v.[576] Semecarpus anacardium, the marking-nut tree.[577] Kitts, Berar Census Report (1881), p. 131.[578] Akola Gazetteer (Mr. C. Brown), p. 116
- 268 [523] Compiled from papers by Mr. Mulchand, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Betul; Mr. Shams-ul-Husain, Tahsildar, Sohagpur; Mr. Kalyan Chand, Manager, Court of Wards, Betul; and Kanhya Lal, clerk in the Gazetteer Office. [524] Hoshangabad Settlement Report
- 267 [473] Tribes and Castes of Bengal.[474] From bhuj, an arm, and jangh, a thigh. These are Hindi words, and the whole story is obviously a Brahmanical legend. Balrai seems a corruption of Balaram, the brother of Krishna.[475] Estate held on feudal tenure.[4
- 266 [423] This article is based partly on papers by Muns.h.i.+ Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer office, Mr. Sundar Lal, Extra a.s.sistant Commissioner, Saugor, and Mr. J. N. Sil, Pleader, Seoni.[424] Hindus of Gujarat, p. 59, quoting from Ind. Ant. vi. 192-193.[42
- 265 [373] Orpheus, p. 272; Religion of the Semites, p. 311.[374] Religion of the Semites, p. 304.[375] Ibidem, pp. 305, 306.[376] Religion of the Semites, pp. 296, 297.[377] Golden Bough, ii. p. 313.[378] When the blood of the animal was poured out before the
- 264 [323] Gunthorpe, p. 81. Mr. Kennedy says: "Sansia and Beria women have a clove (lavang) in the left nostril; the Sansias, but not the Berias, wear a bullaq or pendant in the fleshy part of the nose."[324] Gayer, l.c. p. 61.[325] Crooke, l.c. par
- 263 [273] Deussen, Outlines of Indian Philosophy, p. 12. [274] Indo-Aryans, i. p. 393. [275] Ibidem, p. 396. [276] Ibidem, p. 402. [277] Indo-Aryans, i. p. 411. [278] Garretts Cla.s.sical Dictionary, s.v. Varuni and Vishnu. [279] The Golden Bough, 2nd edition
- 262 [223] Taken from Brennand's Hindu Astronomy, p. 39.[224] Barnett, Antiquities of India, p. 193.[225] The above particulars regarding the measurement of time by the gharial are taken from 'An Account of the Hindustani Horometry' in Asiatic R
- 261 [173] See the articles Mahar and Kunbi.[174] This article is partly based on a paper by Bihari Lal, Patwari, of Hoshangabad.[175] Semaria is a common name of villages, and is of course as such derived from the semar tree, but the argument is that the Jada
- 260 [123] Tribes and Castes, article Gujar, para. 12. The description is mainly taken from Elliott's History of India as told by its own Historians.[124] Description of the Kangra Gujars by Mr. Barnes. Quoted in Ibbetson's Punjab Census Report (1881
- 259 [73] Ca.s.sia fistula.[74] This is incorrect, at present at any rate, as the Karma is danced during the harvest period. But it is probable that the ritual observances for communal fis.h.i.+ng and hunting have now fallen into abeyance.[75] C. P. Gazetteer
- 258 [23] This article is compiled partly from papers by Muns.h.i.+s Pyare Lal Misra and Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer Office.[24] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Ghasi.[25] Central Provinces Gazetteer (1871), p. 273.[26] Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 32
- 257 At a Koshti wedding in Nagpur, the bride and bridegroom with their parents sit in a circle, and round them a long hempen rope is drawn seven times; the bride's mother then holds a lamp, while the bridegroom's mother pours water from a vessel on
- 256 Marriage within the sept is forbidden, but this appears to be the only restriction. In Korba the Paharia Korwas are said to marry their own sisters on occasion. The ordinary bride-price is Rs. 12. In Bilaspur there is reported to be no regular marriage fe
- 255 9. Funeral rites.The dead are usually buried, two pice being first thrown into the grave to buy the site. The body is laid on its back, naked and with the head pointing to the south. The earth is mixed with briars and thorns while being filled in so as to
- 254 A child is named on the day after its birth by some woman of the caste; a Brahman is asked whether the day is auspicious, and he also chooses the name. If this is the same as that of any living relation or one recently dead, another name is given for ordi
- 253 5. Religion.The Kolis of Nimar chiefly revere the G.o.ddess Bhawani, and almost every family has a silver image of her. An important shrine of the G.o.ddess is situated in Ichhapur, ten or twelve miles from Burhanpur, and here members of the tribe were ac
- 252 5. Other customs.6. Occupation.1. Introductory notice.Kolhati, Dandewala, Bansberia, Kabutari. [563]--The name by which the Beria caste of Northern and Central India is known in Berar. The Berias themselves, in Central India at any rate, are a branch of t
- 251 20. Names.Colonel Dalton notes that the Kols, like the Gonds, give names to their children after officers visiting the village when they are born. Thus Captain, Major, Doctor are common names in the Kolhan. Mr. Mazumdar gives an instance of a Kol servant
- 250 In the Central Provinces the Kols and Mundas numbered 85,000 persons in 1911. The name Kol is in general use except in the Chota Nagpur States, but it seems probable that the Kols who have immigrated here really belong to the Munda tribe of Chota Nagpur.
- 249 The Kohlis were the builders of the great tanks of the Bhandara District. The most important of these are Nawegaon with an area of five square miles and a circ.u.mference of seventeen, and Seoni, over seven miles round, while smaller tanks are counted by
- 248 1. Origin and Traditions.Kir. [520]--A cultivating caste found princ.i.p.ally in the Hoshangabad District. They numbered about 7000 persons in 1911. The Kirs claim to have come from the Jaipur State, and this is borne out by the fact that they still retai
- 247 For one day after a child has been born the mother is allowed no food. On the sixth day she herself shaves the child's head and bites his nails short with her teeth, after which she takes a bow and arrows and stands with the child facing successively
- 246 "Even under Mahomedan rulers in the west they have risen to high administrative posts. There is a record of a Khatri Diwan of Badakshan or Kurdaz; and, I believe, of a Khatri Governor of Peshawar under the Afghans. The Emperor Akbar's famous min
- 245 After a girl is married her own mother will not eat food cooked by her, as no two Kharias will take food together unless they are of the same sept. When a married daughter goes back to the house of her parents she cooks her food separately, and does not e
- 244 2. Caste subdivisions.The caste has four subdivisions, named Rai, Mirdha or Nakib, Karbal and Dahat. The Rai or royal Khangars are the highest group and practise hypergamy with families of the Mirdha and Karbal groups, taking daughters from them in marria
- 243 2. Its origin.On the information available as to the past history of the tribe it seems probable that the Khairwars may, as suggested by Sir H. Risley, be an offshoot from some other group. The most probable derivation of the name seems to be from the kha
- 242 11. Social rules.Polygamy is permitted but is seldom resorted to, except for the sake of offspring. Neither widow-marriage nor divorce are recognised, and either a girl or married woman is expelled from the caste if detected in a liaison. A man may keep a
- 241 (g) Mathur.(h) Kulsreshtha.(i) Suryadhwaja.(k) Karan.(l) Gaur.(m) Nigum.(a) The Srivastab subcaste take their name from the old town of Sravasti, now Sahet-Mahet, in the north of the United Provinces. They are by far the most numerous subcaste both there
- 240 12. Occupation and social rules.The tribe consider military service to be their traditional occupation, but the bulk of them are now cultivators and labourers. Many of them are farmers of villages in the zamindaris. Rautias weave ropes and make sleeping-c
- 239 may be so called as being the oldest subdivision; for the lotus is sometimes considered the root of all things, on account of the belief that Brahma, the creator of the world, was himself born from this flower. In Bilaspur the Kamalbansis are considered t
- 238 6. First pregnancy.In the fifth or seventh month of the first pregnancy of a Kasbi woman 108 fried wafers of flour and sugar, known as gujahs, are prepared, and are eaten by her as well as distributed to friends and relatives who are invited to the house.
- 237 Kasar 1. Distribution and origin of the caste.Kasar, Kasera, Kansari, Bharewa. [388]--The professional caste of makers and sellers of bra.s.s and copper vessels. In 1911 the Kasars numbered 20,000 persons in the Central Provinces and Berar, and were distr