The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead
Chapter 86 : [Footnote 702: Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 216.][Footnote 703: Th. William

[Footnote 702: Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 216.]

[Footnote 703: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 216, 218 _sq._; Basil Thomson, _The Fijians_, p. 112.]

[Footnote 704: Hazlewood, quoted by Capt. J. E. Erskine, _Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific_ (London, 1853), pp. 246 _sq._]

[Footnote 705: Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition_, New Edition (New York, 1851), iii. 83 _sq._; Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 217 _sqq._]

[Footnote 706: Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition_, New Edition (New York, 1851), iii. 49, 86, 351, 352; Th.

Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 221-223; B. Seeman, _Viti_, pp.

392-394.]

[Footnote 707: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 191 _sq._]

[Footnote 708: Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 223, 231.]

[Footnote 709: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 87; Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 226, 227; Basil Thomson, _The Fijians_, pp. 157 _sqq._]

[Footnote 710: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 87 _sq._; Th. Williams, _op.

cit._ i. 224 _sq._; Capt. J. E. Erskine, _op. cit._ p. 250; Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_ (London, 1904), pp. 166 _sq._ As for the treatment of castaways, see J. E. Erskine, _op. cit._ p. 249; Th.

Williams, _op. cit._ i. 210. The latter writer mentions a recent case in which fourteen or sixteen s.h.i.+pwrecked persons were cooked and eaten.]

[Footnote 711: The Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to me dated August 26th, 1898. I have already quoted the pa.s.sage in _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, i. 378.]

[Footnote 712: Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 225 _sq._]

[Footnote 713: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 231.]

[Footnote 714: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 97; Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 53.]

[Footnote 715: John Jackson's Narrative, in Capt. J. E. Erskine's _Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific_ (London, 1853), pp. 464 _sq._, 472 _sq._ The genital members of the men over whom the canoe was dragged were cut off and hung on a sacred tree (_akau-tambu_), "which was already artificially prolific in fruit, both of the masculine and feminine gender." The tree which bore such remarkable fruit was commonly an ironweed tree standing in a conspicuous situation. As to these sacrifices compare Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii.

97; Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, pp. xvi. _sq._]

[Footnote 716: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i, 112.]

[Footnote 717: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 55.]

[Footnote 718: Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, pp. xx., xxi.

_sq._; Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 247; B. Seeman, _Viti_ (Cambridge, 1862), p. 401.]

[Footnote 719: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 55 _sq._ The writer witnessed what he calls the ceremony of consecration in the case of a young man of the highest rank in Somosomo and he has described what he saw. In this case a special hut was not built for the manslayer, and he was allowed to pa.s.s the nights in the temple of the war G.o.d.]

[Footnote 720: See above, pp. 205 _sq._, 229 _sq._, 258, 279 _sq._, 323, 396, 415.]

[Footnote 721: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 55.]

[Footnote 722: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 98, 99 _sq._ Compare Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, p. 163: "A person who has defiled himself by touching a corpse is called _yambo_, and is not allowed to touch food with his hands for several days." The custom as to a surviving widow is mentioned by Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 198.]

[Footnote 723: Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, p. 167.]

[Footnote 724: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 101; Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 197 _sq._; Lorimer Fison, _Tales from Old Fiji_, p. 168; Basil Thomson, _The Fijian_, p. 375.]

[Footnote 725: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 197, 198.]

[Footnote 726: Ch. Wilkes, _op. cit._ iii. 99.]

[Footnote 727: Th. Williams, _op. cit._ i. 198 _sq._]

[Footnote 728: Ch. Wilkes, _l.c._]

[Footnote 729: Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 197.]

[Footnote 730: K. Weinhold, _Altnordisches Leben_ (Berlin, 1856), p.

476.]

[Footnote 731: _The Zend-Avesta_, Part i. _The Vendidad,_ translated by James Darmesteter (Oxford, 1880), p. 95 (Fargard, viii. 2. 10) (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv.).]

[Footnote 732: W. R. S. Ralston, _The Songs of the Russian People_, Second Edition (London, 1872), p. 318.]

[Footnote 733: Sonnerat, _Voyage aux Indes Orientales et a la Chine_ (Paris, 1782), i. 86.]

[Footnote 734: J. A. Dubois, _Moeurs, Inst.i.tutions et Ceremonies des Peuples de l'Inde_ (Paris, 1825), ii. 225; E. Thurston, _Ethnographic Notes in Southern India_ (Madras, 1906), pp. 226 _sq._]

[Footnote 735: J. Grimm, _Deutsche Rechtsalterthumer_ 3rd ed.

(Gottingen, 1881), pp. 726 _sqq._]

[Footnote 736: Rev. J. G. Campbell, _Superst.i.tions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1900), p. 242.]

[Footnote 737: _The Sacred Books of China_, translated by James Legge, Part iii. _The Li-Ki_, i.-x. (Oxford, 1885) pp. 144 _sq._ (Bk. ii. Sect.

i. Pt. II. 33) (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xxvii.); J. F. Lafitau, _Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains_ (Paris, 1724), ii. 401 _sq._, citing Le Comte, _Nouv. Memoires de la Chine_, vol. ii. p. 187.]

[Footnote 738: _Relations des Jesuites_, 1633, p. 11; _id._, 1634, p. 23 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858); J. G. Kohl, _Kitschi-Gami_ (Bremen, 1859), p. 149 note.]

[Footnote 739: E. W. Nelson, "The Eskimo about Bering Strait,"

_Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i.

(Was.h.i.+ngton, 1899), p. 311.]

[Footnote 740: David Crantz, _History of Greenland_ (London, 1767), i.

237. Compare Hans Egede, _Description of Greenland_, Second Edition (London, 1818), pp. 152 _sq._; Captain G. F. Lyon, _Private Journal_ (London, 1824), p. 370; C. F. Hall, _Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition_ (Was.h.i.+ngton, 1879), p. 265 (Esquimaux).]

[Footnote 741: P. Kolben, _The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope_ (London, 1731-1738), i. 316; C. P. Thunberg, "An Account of the Cape of Good Hope," in Pinkerton's _Voyages and Travels_, xvi. (London, 1814) p.

142; _Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie_ (Paris), ii, Serie, ii.

(1834) p. 196 (Bechuanas); _id._, vii. Serie, vii. (1886) p. 587 (Fernando Po); T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, _Relation d'un Voyage d'Exploration au Nord-est de la Colonie du Cap de Bonne-Esperance_ (Paris, 1842), pp. 502 _sq._; C. J. Andersson, _Lake Ngami_, Second Edition (London, 1856), p. 466; G. Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Sud-Afrika's_ (Breslau, 1872), pp. 210, 335; R. Moffat, _Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa_ (London, 1842), p. 307; E.

Casalis, _The Basutos_ (London, 1861), p. 202; Ladislaus Magyar, _Reisen in Sud-Afrika_ (Buda-Pesth and Leipsic, 1859), p. 350; Rev. J.

Macdonald, _Light in Africa_, Second Edition (London, 1890), p. 166; E.

Beguin, _Les Ma-Rotse_ (Lausanne and Fontaines, 1903), p. 115; Henri A.

Junod, _Les Ba-Ronga_ (Neuchatel, 1898), p. 48; _id._, _The Life of a South African Tribe_, i. (Neuchatel, 1912) p. 138; Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_ (London, 1904), p. 247; A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, _British Nigeria_ (London, 1902), p. 234; Ramseyer and Kuhne, _Four Years in Ashantee_ (London, 1875), p. 50; A. B. Ellis, _The Land of Fetish_ (London, 1883), p. 13; _id._, _The Ts.h.i.+-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast_ (London, 1887), p. 239; E. Perregaud, _Chez les Achanti_ (Neuchatel, 1906), p. 127; J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stamme_ (Berlin, 1906), p. 756; H. R. Palmer, "Notes on the Kororofawa and Jukon," _Journal of the African Society_, No. 44 (July, 1912), p. 414. The custom is also observed by some tribes of Central Africa. See Miss A. Werner, _The Natives of British Central Africa_ (London, 1906), p. 161; B. Gutmann, "Trauer und Begrabnisssitten der Wadschagga," _Globus_, lx.x.xix. (1906) p. 200; Rev. N. Stam, "Religious Conceptions of the Kavirondo,"

_Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 361.]