International Law. A Treatise

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International Law. A Treatise Novel Chapters

List of most recent chapters published for the International Law. A Treatise novel. A total of 198 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024

Latest Release: Chapter 1 : International Law. A Treatise.Volume I.by La.s.sa Francis Oppenheim.PREFACE TO THE SECON
International Law. A Treatise.Volume I.by La.s.sa Francis Oppenheim.PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The course of events since 1905, when this work first made its appearance, and the results of further research have necessitated not only the thorough revisi

98 [Footnote 270: It is impossible for a treatise to go into historical details, and to show the gradual disappearance of the old rule. But it is of importance to state the fact, that even during the nineteenth century--see, for instance, G. F. Martens, II. 2024-4-23
97 63-68--Lawrence, -- 164--Maine, pp. 160-167--Manning, pp.210-222--Phillimore, III. -- 95--Twiss, II. -- 177--Halleck, II. pp.19-30--Taylor, ---- 519-524--Moore, VII. ---- 1127-1133--Wharton, III.---- 348-348D--Wheaton, -- 344--Bluntschli, ---- 593-626--He 2024-4-23
96 526-536--Calvo, IV. ---- 2161-2165--Fiore, III. Nos. 1363-1372, and Code, Nos. 1589-1604--Martens, II. -- 114--Longuet, ---- 85-90--Merignhac, pp. 114-142--Pillet, pp.165-192--_Kriegsbrauch_, p. 26--_Land Warfare_, ---- 174-220--Zorn, p. 122--Bordwell, pp 2024-4-23
95 -- 110--Longuet, ---- 42-49--Merignhac, pp. 146-165--Pillet, pp.85-95--Holland, _War_, pp. 70-76--Zorn, pp. 127-161--Bordwell, pp.278-283--Meurer, II. ---- 30-31--Spaight, pp.73-156--_Kriegsbrauch_, pp. 9-11--_Land Warfare_, ---- 39-53.[Sidenote: On Viole 2024-4-23
94 [Footnote 218: _Griswold_ v. _Boddington_ (1819), 16 Johnson, 438; _Esposito_ v. _Bowden_ (1857), 7 E. & B. 763.][Footnote 219: _Du Belloix_ v. _Lord Waterpark_ (1822), 1 Dowl. & R. 16; _Mayer_ v. _Reed_ (1867), 37 Gallison, 482.][Footnote 220: _h.o.a.re_ 2024-4-23
93 [Footnote 189: See Twiss, II. -- 50; Rivier, II. p. 320; Liszt, -- 39, V.; Holland, _Letters upon War and Neutrality_ (1909), p. 39.][Footnote 190: See _Land Warfare_, -- 12.][Footnote 191: See _Land Warfare_, -- 13.][Footnote 192: See above, vol. I. -- 3 2024-4-23
92 -- 94. According to article 1 of Convention III. hostilities must not commence without a previous and unequivocal warning, and one of the forms which this warning may take is a declaration of war stating the reasons why the Power concerned has recourse to 2024-4-23
91 (3) The Declaration of London does not purport to decide the controversy, since the Powers represented at the Naval Conference of London could not agree. Whereas Holland, Spain, and j.a.pan approved of the British and American practice, Austria-Hungary, I 2024-4-23
90 [Footnote 140: This follows indirectly from article 8 of Convention XI.][Footnote 141: See below, -- 201.][Sidenote: Deserters and Traitors.]-- 86. The privileges of members of armed forces cannot be claimed by members of the armed forces of a belligerent 2024-4-23
89 Writers on the Law of Nations do not agree as regards the position of such individuals; they are not mere private individuals, but, on the other hand, are certainly not combatants, although they may--as, for instance, couriers, doctors, farriers, and vete 2024-4-23
88 [Footnote 99: See above, vol. I. -- 207.][Footnote 100: See Martens, _N.R.G._ XVIII. p. 63.][Footnote 101: See above, vol. I. -- 183.][Footnote 102: See Martens, _N.R.G._ 2nd Ser. XII. p. 491, and above, vol. I. -- 195, p. 267, note 2, and -- 568, p. 592, 2024-4-23
87 (8) The Convention for the adaptation to sea warfare of the principles of the Geneva Convention, produced by the First and revised by the Second Peace Conference.(9) The Convention of 1907 concerning the opening of hostilities (Second Peace Conference).(1 2024-4-23
86 [Sidenote: Guerilla War.]-- 60. The characteristics of war as developed above are also decisive for the answer to the question whether so-called guerilla war is real war in the technical sense of the term. Such guerilla war must not be confounded with gue 2024-4-23
85 18-28--Manning, pp. 131-133--Phillimore, III. -- 49--Twiss, II. ---- 22-29--Taylor, ---- 449-451--Wheaton, -- 295--Bluntschli, ---- 510-514--Heffter, ---- 113-114--Lueder in Holtzendorff, IV. pp.175-198--Kluber, ---- 235-237--G. F. Martens, II. -- 263--Ul 2024-4-23
84 -- 44. Before the nineteenth century blockade was only known as a measure between belligerents in time of war. It was not until the second quarter of the nineteenth century that the first case occurred of a so-called pacific blockade--that is, a blockade 2024-4-23
83 [Sidenote: Reprisals admissible for all International Delinquencies.]-- 34. Reprisals are admissible not only, as some writers[32] maintain, in case of denial or delay of justice, or of any other internationally interdicted ill-treatment of foreign citize 2024-4-23
82 -- 23. The award, when duly p.r.o.nounced and notified to the agents of the parties, decides the dispute finally and without appeal (article 81).Any dispute arising between the parties as to the interpretation or execution of the award must, in default of 2024-4-23
81 [Sidenote: Binding force of Arbitral Verdict.]-- 16. An arbitral verdict is final if the arbitration treaty does not stipulate the contrary, and the verdict given by the arbitrators is binding upon the parties. As, however, no such central authority exist 2024-4-23
80 International Law. A Treatise.Volume II.by La.s.sa Francis Oppenheim.PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The course of events since 1906, when the second volume of this work first made its appearance, and the results of further research have necessitated, as in 2024-4-23
79 (5) For the purpose of revising the previous cholera and plague conventions and amalgamating them into one doc.u.ment, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Spain, the United States of America, France, Italy, Luxemburg, Montenegro, Hol 2024-4-23
78 [Footnote 979: See above, -- 467.][Footnote 980: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXII. p. 208, and Pelletier et Vidal-Noguet, "La convention d'union pour la protection de la propriete industrielle du 20 mars 1883 et les conferences de revision posterieures 2024-4-23
77 [Sidenote: Meaning of most-favoured-nation Clause.]-- 580. Most of the commercial treaties of the nineteenth century contain a stipulation which is characterised as the most-favoured-nation clause.The wording of this clause is by no means the same in all 2024-4-23
76 [Footnote 940: The important part that treaties of guarantee play in politics may be seen from a glance at Great Britain's guarantee treaties. See Munro, "England's Treaties of Guarantee," in _The Law Magazine and Review_, VI. (1881), pp. 215-238.][Fo 2024-4-23
75 II ALLIANCES Grotius, II. c. 15--Vattel, III. ---- 78-102--Twiss, I. -- 246--Taylor, ---- 347-349--Wheaton, ---- 278-285--Bluntschli, ---- 446-449--Heffter, -- 92--Geffcken in Holtzendorff, III. pp.115-139--Ullmann, -- 82--Bonfils, Nos. 871-881--Despagnet 2024-4-23
74 [Sidenote: Declaration of St. Petersburg.]-- 562. The Declaration of St. Petersburg[922] of November 29, 1868, signed by Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Holland, Italy, Persia, Portugal, Prussia and other German States, R 2024-4-23
73 [Sidenote: Rules of Interpretation which recommend themselves.]-- 554. It is of importance to enumerate some rules of interpretation[911] which recommend themselves on account of their suitability.[Footnote 911: The whole matter of interpretation of treat 2024-4-23
72 [Sidenote: Grounds of Voidance.]-- 540. A treaty, although it has neither expired nor been dissolved, may nevertheless lose its binding force by becoming void.[906] And such voidance may have different grounds--namely, extinction of one of the two contrac 2024-4-23
71 [Sidenote: Good Offices and Mediation.]-- 530. A treaty may be concluded with the help of the good offices or through the mediation of a third State, whether these offices be asked for by the contracting parties or be exercised spontaneously by a third St 2024-4-23
70 119-122--Calvo, III. ---- 1643-1648--Fiore, II. Nos. 1008-1009, and Code, Nos. 768-778--Martens, I. ---- 65 and 114--Nippold, op. cit.pp. 151-160.[Sidenote: Effect of Treaties upon Contracting Parties.]-- 519. By a treaty the contracting parties in the fi 2024-4-23
69 Nos. 1100-1119--Merignhac, II. pp. 652-666--Nys, III. pp.28-36--Rivier, II. -- 50--Calvo, III. ---- 1627-1636--Fiore, II. No.994, and Code, No. 750--Martens, I. ---- 105-108--Wicquefort, "L'Amba.s.sadeur et ses fonctions" (1680), II. Section XV.--Jelli 2024-4-23
68 [Footnote 859: See Anson, "The Law and Custom of the Const.i.tution," II.(2nd ed.), pp. 297-300.][Sidenote: Mutual Consent of the Contracting Parties.]-- 498. A treaty being a convention, mutual consent of the parties is necessary. Mere proposals made b 2024-4-23
67 [Footnote 846: Thus by section 2 of the Declaration concerning Siam, Madagascar, and the New Hebrides, which is embodied in the Anglo-French Agreement of April 8, 1904, Great Britain withdrew the protest which she had raised against the introduction of th 2024-4-23
66 [Sidenote: Negotiations by whom conducted.]-- 480. International negotiations are conducted by the agents which represent the negotiating States. The heads of these States may conduct the negotiations in person, either by letters or by a personal intervie 2024-4-23
65 [Sidenote: The Deciding Tribunal.]-- 476. The Court of Arbitration does not as a body decide the cases brought before it, but a tribunal is created for every special case by selection of a number of arbitrators from the list of the members of the Court. T 2024-4-23
64 [Sidenote: International Telegraph Offices.]-- 464. In 1868 the international telegraph office of the International Telegraph Union was created at Berne. It is administered by four functionaries under the supervision of the Swiss Bundesrath. It edits the 2024-4-23
63 [Footnote 797: Heffter, -- 222, is, as far as I know, the only publicist who maintains that agents not invested with diplomatic character must nevertheless be granted the privileges of diplomatic envoys.][Footnote 798: Ullmann, -- 66, and Rivier, I. -- 40 2024-4-23
62 [Sidenote: Armed Forces State Organs.]-- 443. Armed forces are organs of the State which maintains them, because such forces are created for the purpose of maintaining the independence, authority, and safety of the State. And in this respect it matters no 2024-4-23
61 (1899)--Stowell, "Le Consul," pp. 137-185.[Sidenote: Position.]-- 434. Like diplomatic envoys, consuls are simply objects of International Law. Such rights as they have are granted to them by Munic.i.p.al Laws in compliance with rights of the appointing 2024-4-23
60 [Footnote 773: To this distinction corresponds in the British Consular Service the distinction between "Consular Officers" and "Trading Consular Officers."]No difference exists between the two kinds of consuls as to their general position according to 2024-4-23
59 [Footnote 763: See the interesting cases discussed by Moore, IV. -- 666.][Footnote 764: Notable cases of request of recall of envoys are reported by Taylor, -- 322; Hall, -- 98**; Moore, IV. -- 639.][Sidenote: Promotion to a higher Cla.s.s.]-- 410. When a 2024-4-23
58 Vattel, IV. ---- 84-86--Hall, ---- 99-101--Phillimore, II. ---- 172-175--Taylor, ---- 293-295--Moore, IV. ---- 643-644--Twiss, I. -- 222--Wheaton, ---- 242-247--Ullmann, -- 52--Geffcken in Holtzendorff, III. pp. 665-668--Heffter, -- 207--Rivier, -- 39--Ny 2024-4-23
57 [Sidenote: Limitation of Inviolability.]-- 388. As diplomatic envoys are sacrosanct, the principle of their inviolability is generally recognised. But there is one exception. For if a diplomatic envoy commits an act of violence which disturbs the internal 2024-4-23
56 [Footnote 728: The question is of interest whether the privileges due to diplomatists must be granted on his journey home to an individual to whom reception as an envoy is refused. I think the question ought to be answered in the affirmative; see, however 2024-4-23
55 III KINDS AND CLa.s.sES OF DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS Vattel, IV. ---- 69-75--Phillimore, II. ---- 211-224--Twiss, I. ---- 204-209--Moore, IV. -- 624--Heffter, -- 208--Geffcken in Holtzendorff, III. pp. 635-646--Calvo, III. ---- 1326-1336--Bonfils, Nos. 668-676--P 2024-4-23
54 [Footnote 711: Martens, I. -- 80; Bluntschli, -- 134; Despagnet, No. 254; Hall, -- 97.][Footnote 712: Bonfils, No. 632; Nys, II. p. 287; Merignhac, II. p. 298; Liszt, -- 13; Walther, op. cit., p. 195.]IV FOREIGN OFFICES Heffter, -- 201--Geffcken in Holtze 2024-4-23
53 The position a head of a State has according to International Law is due to him, not as an individual, but as the head of his State. His position is derived from international rights and duties of his State, and not from international rights of his own. C 2024-4-23
52 [Sidenote: Rationale for the Principle of Non-extradition of Political Criminals.]-- 338. The numerous attempts[695] against the lives of heads of States and the frequency of anarchistic crimes have shaken the value of the principle of non-extradition of 2024-4-23
51 [Footnote 675: See Clarke, op. cit. pp. 177 and 262, who, however, disapproves of this surrender.]A conflict between International and Munic.i.p.al Law arises if a certain individual must be extradited according to an extradition treaty, but cannot be ext 2024-4-23
50 pp. 460-461--Taylor, -- 186--Walker, -- 19--Wharton, II. -- 206--Moore, IV. ---- 550-559--Bluntschli, ---- 383-384--Stoerk in Holtzendorff, II. pp. 646-656--Ullmann, -- 115--Bonfils, No.442--Despagnet, Nos. 336-337--Pradier-Fodere, III. Nos.1857-1859--Riv 2024-4-23
49 (1906)--Proceedings of the American Society of International Law, 1911, pp. 65-115.[Sidenote: No Obligation to admit Aliens.]-- 314. Many writers[642] maintain that every member of the Family of Nations is bound by International Law to admit all aliens in 2024-4-23
48 -- 305. If granted, naturalisation makes an alien a citizen. But it is left to the discretion of the naturalising State to grant naturalisation under any conditions it likes. Thus, for example, Great Britain grants naturalisation on the sole condition tha 2024-4-23
47 [Footnote 617: Attention ought to be drawn to the fact that, to ensure the protection of the interests of emigrants and immigrants from the moral, hygienic, and economic view, the Inst.i.tute of International Law, at its meeting at Copenhagen in 1897, ado 2024-4-23
46 310-314, and Heilborn, "System," pp. 58-138.]Again, in those rare cases in which States stipulate by international treaties certain favours for individuals other than their own subjects, these individuals do not acquire any international rights under th 2024-4-23
45 -- 287_a_. To secure radio-telegraphic[587] communication between s.h.i.+ps of all nations at sea and the continents, a Conference met at Berlin in 1906, where Great Britain, Germany, the United States of America, Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Braz 2024-4-23
44 Every vessel has to bear visibly in white colour on black ground its number, name, and the name of its harbour (articles 6-11). Every vessel must bear an official voucher of her nationality (articles 12-13).(2) To avoid conflicts between the different fis 2024-4-23
43 It must be emphasised that the motive and the purpose of such acts of violence do not alter their piratical character, since the intent to plunder (_animus furandi_) is not required. Thus, for instance, if a private neutral vessel without Letters of Marqu 2024-4-23
42 276; Fiore, II. Nos. 732-736; Perels, -- 17; Taylor, -- 266; Bonfils, No.519.](3) So-called Right of Pursuit. It is a universally recognised customary rule that men-of-war of a littoral State can pursue into the Open Sea, seize, and bring back into a port 2024-4-23
41 [Footnote 517: See below, -- 266.][Sidenote: Claim of Vessels to sail under a certain Flag.]-- 261. The Law of Nations does not include any rules regarding the claim of vessels to sail under a certain maritime flag, but imposes the duty upon every State h 2024-4-23
40 ---- 172-173--Moore, II. ---- 309-310--Taylor, -- 242--Wheaton, -- 187--Bluntschli, ---- 304-308--Heffter, -- 94--Stoerk in Holtzendorff, II. pp. 483-498--Ullmann, -- 101--Bonfils, Nos.572-577--Pradier-Fodere, II. Nos. 874-881--Rivier, I. -- 17--Nys, II. 2024-4-23
39 RISE OF THE FREEDOM OF THE OPEN SEA Grotius, II. c. 2, -- 3--Pufendorf, IV. c. 5, -- 5--Vattel, I. ---- 279-286--Hall, -- 40--Westlake, I. pp. 161-162--Phillimore, I. ---- 172-179--Taylor, ---- 242-246--Walker, Science, pp.163-171--Wheaton, ---- 186-187-- 2024-4-23
38 [Footnote 465: Both Westlake and Halleck state that the inhabitants _must_ have a free option to stay or leave the country; but there is no rule of International Law which imposes the duty upon a subjugator to grant this option.]Different from the fact th 2024-4-23
37 387--Pradier-Fodere, II. Nos. 803-816--Rivier, I. pp.179-180--Nys, II. pp. 3-7--Calvo, I. -- 266--Fiore, II. No. 852, and Code, Nos. 1068-1070--Martens, I. -- 90--Heimburger, "Der Erwerb der Gebietshoheit" (1888), p. 107.[Sidenote: Conception of Accreti 2024-4-23
36 [Footnote 429: See below, -- 236.][Footnote 430: See above, -- 209.][Sidenote: Object of Occupation.]-- 221. Only such territory can be the object of occupation as is no State's land, whether entirely uninhabited, as _e.g._ an island, or inhabited by nat 2024-4-23
35 -- 214. Since cession is a bilateral transaction, it has two subjects--namely, the ceding and the acquiring State. Both subjects must be States, and only those cessions in which both subjects are States concern the Law of Nations. Cessions of territory ma 2024-4-23
34 (4) Economic, are those servitudes which are acquired for the purpose of commercial interests, traffic, and intercourse in general, such as the right of fisheries in foreign territorial waters, to build a railway on or lay a telegraph cable through foreig 2024-4-23
33 [Footnote 375: See Twiss, I. ---- 183 and 184, and above, -- 194.][Sidenote: Boundary Mountains.]-- 200. Boundary mountains or hills are such natural elevations from the common level of the ground as separate the territories of two or more States from eac 2024-4-23
32 STRAITS Vattel, I. -- 292--Hall, -- 41--Westlake, I. pp. 193-197--Lawrence, ---- 87-89--Phillimore, I. ---- 180-196--Twiss, I. ---- 183, 184, 189--Halleck, I. pp. 165-170--Taylor, ---- 229-231--Walker, -- 17--Wharton, ---- 27-29--Wheaton, ---- 181-190--Mo 2024-4-23
31 (1) The littoral State can exclusively reserve the fishery within the maritime belt[336] for its own subjects, whether fish or pearls or amber or other products of the sea are in consideration.[Footnote 336: All treaties stipulate for the purpose of fishe 2024-4-23
30 The United States adopts, as the basis of the neutralisation of such s.h.i.+p ca.n.a.l, the following Rules, substantially as embodied in the Convention of Constantinople, signed October 29, 1888, for the free navigation of the Suez Ca.n.a.l, that is to s 2024-4-23
29 [Footnote 310: As regards the utilisation of the flow of such lakes and seas, the same is valid as that concerning the utilisation of the flow of rivers; see above, -- 178_a_.][Footnote 311: See Stoffel, "Die Fischerei-Verhaltnisse des Bodensees unter be 2024-4-23
28 Grotius, II. c. 2, ---- 11-15--Pufendorf, III. c. 3, -- 8--Vattel, II. ---- 117, 128, 129, 134--Hall, -- 39--Westlake, I. pp.142-159--Lawrence, -- 92--Phillimore, I. ---- 125-151--Twiss, I. -- 145--Halleck, I. pp. 171-177--Taylor, ---- 233-241--Walker, -- 2024-4-23
27 [Footnote 275: The New Hebrides are materially likewise under a _condominium_, namely, that of Great Britain and France, although article 1 of the Convention of October 20, 1906--see Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. I. (1909), p. 523--speaks only of "a region of 2024-4-23
26 (_a_) When the act from which they have suffered is directed against foreigners as such in general, or against them as under the jurisdiction of a certain State, or (_b_) When the act from which they have suffered consists in closing a port without due an 2024-4-23
25 See the literature quoted above at the commencement of -- 148, and especially Moore, VI. ---- 998-1018.[Sidenote: Responsibility varies with Organs concerned.]-- 157. States must bear vicarious responsibility for all internationally injurious acts of thei 2024-4-23
24 RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES I ON STATE RESPONSIBILITY IN GENERAL Grotius, II. c. 21, -- 2--Pufendorf, VIII. c. 6, -- 12--Vattel, II.---- 63-78--Hall, -- 65--Halleck, I. pp. 440-444--Wharton, I. -- 21--Moore, VI. ---- 979-1039--Wheaton, -- 32--Bluntschli, -- 2024-4-23
23 VII INTERCOURSE Grotius, II. c. 2, -- 13--Vattel, II. ---- 21-26--Hall, -- 13--Taylor, -- 160--Bluntschli, -- 381 and p. 26--Hartmann, -- 15--Heffter, ---- 26 and 33--Holtzendorff in Holtzendorff, II. pp. 60-64--Gareis, -- 27--Liszt, -- 7--Ullmann, -- 38- 2024-4-23
22 543-557--Martens, I. -- 76--Bernard, "On the Principle of non-Intervention" (1860)--Hautefeuille, "Le principe de non-intervention" (1863)--Stapleton, "Intervention and Non-intervention, or the Foreign Policy of Great Britain from 1790 to 1865" (186 2024-4-23
21 [Footnote 196: But neighbouring States very often give such permission to one another. Switzerland, for instance, allows German Custom House officers to be stationed on two railway stations of Basle for the purpose of examining the luggage of travellers f 2024-4-23
20 [Footnote 188: In contradistinction to the generally recognised political hegemony of the Great Powers, Lawrence (---- 113 and 114) and Taylor (-- 69) maintain that the position of the Great Powers is _legally_ superior to that of the smaller States, bein 2024-4-23
19 CHAPTER II POSITION OF THE STATES WITHIN THE FAMILY OF NATIONS I INTERNATIONAL PERSONALITY Vattel, I. ---- 13-25--Hall, -- 7--Westlake, I. pp.293-296--Lawrence, -- 57--Phillimore, I. ---- 144-147--Twiss, I. -- 106--Wharton, -- 60--Moore, I. -- 23--Bluntsc 2024-4-23
18 Austria-Hungary.France.Germany.Great Britain.Italy.Russia.Smaller States are: Bulgaria.Denmark.Greece.Holland.Montenegro.Norway.Portugal.Roumania.Servia.Spain.Sweden.Turkey.Very small, but nevertheless full-Sovereign, States are: Monaco and Lichtenstein.N 2024-4-23
17 [Footnote 164: See Martens, N.R.G. XVIII. p. 448.]The neutralisation took place, however, under the abnormal condition that Luxemburg is not allowed to keep any armed force, with the exception of a police for the maintenance of safety and order, nor to po 2024-4-23
16 -- 92. Legally and materially different from suzerainty is the relation of protectorate between two States. It happens that a weak State surrenders itself by treaty into the protection of a strong and mighty State in such a way that it transfers the manag 2024-4-23
15 [Footnote 129: This is not universally recognised. Phillimore, I. -- 74, maintains that there was a Personal Union between Sweden and Norway, and Twiss, I. -- 40, calls it a Federal Union.][Footnote 130: See above, -- 50, p. 75.][Sidenote: Confederated St 2024-4-23
14 -- 82. When a State merges voluntarily into another State--as, for instance, Korea in 1910 did into j.a.pan--or when a State is subjugated by another State, the latter remains one and the same International Person and the former becomes totally extinct as 2024-4-23
13 -- 74. Recognition is of special importance in those cases where a new State tries to establish itself by breaking off from an existing State in the course of a revolution. And here the question is material whether a new State has really already safely an 2024-4-23
12 [Footnote 89: The question will be discussed again below, ---- 89, 91, 93, with regard to each kind of not-full Sovereign States. The object of discussion here is the question whether such States can be considered as International Persons at all. Westlake 2024-4-23
11 -- 61. BIBLIOGRAPHIES _Ompteda_: Litteratur des gesammten Volkerrechts, 2 vols. (1785)._Kamptz_: Neue Litteratur des Volkerrechts seit 1784 (1817)._Kluber_: Droit des gens moderne de l'Europe (Appendix) (1819)._Miruss_: Das Europaische Gesandschaftsrecht 2024-4-23
10 _Amancio Alcorta_: Curso de derecho internacional publico, vol. I.1886; French translation by Lehr, 1887._Marquis de Olivart_: Trattato y notas de derecho internacional publico, 4 vols. 1887; 4th ed. 1903-1904._Luis Gesteso y Acosta_: Curso de derecho int 2024-4-23
9 _Henry W. Halleck_: International Law, 2 vols. 1861; 4th English ed. by Sir Sherston Baker, 1907._Francis Wharton_: A Digest of the International Law of the United States, 3 vols. 1886._George B. Davis_: The Elements of International Law, 1887; 3rd ed. 19 2024-4-23
8 [Footnote 76: See Phillipson in _The Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation_, New Series, IX. (1908), pp. 281-304.]The distinction between the natural Law of Nations, chiefly treated by Grotius, and the customary or voluntary Law of Nations, ch 2024-4-23
7 [Footnote 61: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. II. p. 606.]In 1910 Portugal becomes a Republic; but the Powers, although they enter provisionally into communication with the _de facto_ government, do not recognise the Republic until September 1911, after the 2024-4-23
6 [Sidenote: The period 1789-1815.]-- 46. All progress, however, was endangered, and indeed the Law of Nations seemed partly non-existent, during the time of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. Although the French Convention resolved in 1792 (as 2024-4-23
5 [Sidenote: No need for a Law of Nations during the Middle Ages.]-- 41. The Roman Empire gradually absorbed nearly the whole civilised ancient world, so far as it was known to the Romans. They hardly knew of any independent civilised States outside the bor 2024-4-23
4 -- 34. I am decidedly not a blind and enthusiastic admirer of codification in general. It cannot be maintained that codification is everywhere, at all times, and under all circ.u.mstances opportune.Codification certainly interferes with the so-called orga 2024-4-23
3 -- 28. The present range of the dominion of International Law is a product of historical development within which epochs are distinguishable marked by successive entrances of various States into the Family of Nations.(1) The old Christian States of Wester 2024-4-23
2 [Sidenote: Factors influencing the Growth of International Law.]-- 19. Thus custom and treaties are the two exclusive sources of the Law of Nations. When writers on International Law frequently enumerate other sources besides custom and treaties, they con 2024-4-23
1 International Law. A Treatise.Volume I.by La.s.sa Francis Oppenheim.PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The course of events since 1905, when this work first made its appearance, and the results of further research have necessitated not only the thorough revisi 2024-4-23