![Light Novel -?=$public_r['add_site_name']?>](/static/content/img/logo.png){kind=logo}
The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Novel Chapters
List of most recent chapters published for the The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India novel. A total of 336 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024
Latest Release: Chapter 1 : The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This b
The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This book is the result of the arrangement made by the Government of India, on the suggestion of the late Sir Herbert Risley, for the preparation of an ethnological account
- 201 1. Origin of the caste.Garpagari. [17]--A caste of village menials whose function it is to avert hailstorms from the crops. They are found princ.i.p.ally in the Maratha Districts of the Nagpur country and Berar, and numbered 9000 persons in 1911. The name
- 202 Their septs are of the usual low-caste type, being named after animals, inanimate objects or nicknames of ancestors. One of them is Panch-biha or 'He who had five wives,' and another Kul-dip or 'The sept of the lamp.' Members of this sept will stop ea
- 203 19. Wedding expenditure.20. Special customs.21. Taking omens.22. Marriage by capture. Weeping and hiding.23. Serving for a wife.24. Widow remarriage.25. Divorce.26. Polygamy.(d) Birth and Pregnancy 27. Menstruation.28. Superst.i.tions about pregnancy and
- 204 3. Derivation of name and origin of the Gonds.The derivation of the word Gond is uncertain. It is the name given to the tribe by the Hindus or Muhammadans, as their own name for themselves is Koitur or Koi. General Cunningham considered that the name Gond
- 205 He approached the fire where Rikad Gawadi was sleeping.The giant seemed like a log lying close to the fire; his teeth were hideously visible; His mouth was gaping. Lingo looked at the old man while sleeping.His eyes were shut. Lingo said, This is not a go
- 206 The next episode is taken from a slightly different local version: And while they were cooking their food at the river a great flood came up, but all the Gonds crossed safely except the four G.o.ds, Tekam, Markam, Pusam and Telengam. [52] These were delay
- 207 Paiyam. Paiya is a heifer which has not borne a calf, such as is offered to the G.o.ds. Other Gonds say that the people of this sept have no G.o.ds. They are said not only to marry a girl from any other subsept of the Dhurwas and Uikas, but from their own
- 208 28. Superst.i.tions about pregnancy and childbirth.No special rites are observed during pregnancy, and the superst.i.tions about women in this condition resemble those of the Hindus. [65]A pregnant woman must not go near a horse or elephant, as they think
- 209 The religious practices of the Gonds present much variety. The tribal divisions into groups wors.h.i.+pping seven, six, five and four G.o.ds, already referred to, are generally held to refer to the number of G.o.ds which a man has in his house. But very f
- 210 It may be noted that the account is based on hearsay only, and such stories are often circulated about savage races. But if correct, it would indicate probably only a ritual form of cannibalism. The idea of the Gonds in eating the bodies of their relative
- 211 65. Tattooing.Both men and women were formerly much tattooed among the Gonds, though the custom is now going out among men. Women are tattooed over a large part of the body, but not on the hips or above them to the waist. Sorcerers are tattooed with some
- 212 The following detailed process of purification had to be undergone by a well-to-do Gond widow in Mandla who had been detected with a man of the Panka caste, lying drunk and naked in a liquor-shop. The Gonds here consider the Pankas socially beneath themse
- 213 Gondhali Gondhali. [97]--A caste or order of wandering beggars and musicians found in the Maratha Districts of the Central Provinces and in Berar. The name is derived from the Marathi word gondharne, to make a noise. In 1911 the Gondhalis numbered about 3
- 214 4. Dress.The novice is dressed in a cloth coloured with geru or red ochre, such as the Gosains usually wear. It is probable that the red or pink colour is meant to symbolise blood and to signify that the Gosains allow the sacrifice of animals and the cons
- 215 The Gowaris have exogamous sections of the t.i.tular and totemistic types, such as Chachania from chachan, a bird, Lohar from loha iron, Ambadare a mango-branch, Kohria from the Kohri or Kohli caste, Sarwaina a Gond sept, and Rawat the name of the Ahir ca
- 216 6. Disposal of the dead.The bodies of unmarried persons are buried, and also of those who die of any epidemic disease. Others are cremated. The funeral of an elderly man of good means and family is an occasion for great display. A large feast is given and
- 217 HALBA List of Paragraphs 1. Traditions of the caste.2. Halba landowners in Bastar and Bhandara.3. Internal structure. Subcastes.4. Exogamous sections.5. Theory of the origin of the caste.6. Marriage.7. Importance of the sister's son.8. The wedding ceremo
- 218 9. Going-away ceremony.After the wedding if the bride is grown up she lives with her husband at once; but if she is a child she goes back to her parents until her adolescence, when the ceremony of Pathoni or 'Going away' is performed. On this occasion s
- 219 Halwai.--The occupational caste of confectioners, numbering about 3000 persons in the Central Provinces and Berar in 1911. The Halwai takes his name from halwa, a sweet made of flour, clarified b.u.t.ter and sugar, coloured with saffron and flavoured with
- 220 3. Marriage and other customs.The social customs of the Injhwars resemble those of the lower Maratha castes. [173] Marriage is forbidden between members of the same sept and first cousins, and a man should also not take a wife from the sept of his brother
- 221 "But whether Jats and Rajputs were or were not originally distinct, and whatever aboriginal elements may have been affiliated to their society, I think that the two now form a common stock, the distinction between Jat and Rajput being social rather than
- 222 1. General notice.Jhadi Telenga. [190]--A small caste in the Bastar State who appear to be a mixture of Gonds and the lower Telugu castes, the name meaning 'The jungly Telugus.' Those living in the open country are called Mandar Telengas. In the census
- 223 "Without entering into unnecessary details, many of which are simply disgusting, I shall quote, as samples, a few of the rules of practice required to be followed by the would-be Yogi in order to induce a state of Samadhi--hypnotism or trance--which is t
- 224 as a warning to backers to place their money on the board before beginning to turn the fish.13. Swindling practices.These people also deal in ornaments of base metal and practise other swindles. One of their tricks is to drop a ring or ornament of counter
- 225 9. Sagittarius. The archer. Dha.n.u.s or Chapa.10. Capricornus. The goat. Makara (said to mean a sea-monster).11. Aquarius. The water-bearer. k.u.mbha (a water-pot).12. Pisces. The fishes. Mina.The signs of the zodiac were nearly the same among the Greeks
- 226 Four seven-day weeks were within a day and a fraction of the lunar month, which was the nearest that could be got. The first method of measuring the year would be by twelve lunar months, which would bring it back nearly to the same period. But as the luna
- 227 Parashram. From Parasurama or Rama with the axe, one of the incarnations of Vishnu.Gadadhar. Wielder of the club or gada.Jagannath. Lord of the world.d.i.n.kar. The sun, or he who makes the days (din karna).Bhagwan. The fortunate or ill.u.s.trious.Anant.
- 228 Julaha Julaha, Momin.--A low Muhammadan caste of weavers resident mainly in Saugor and Burhanpur. They numbered about 4000 persons in 1911. In Nagpur District the Muhammadan weavers generally call themselves Momin, a word meaning 'orthodox.' In northern
- 229 After a birth neither the mother nor child are given anything to eat the first day; and on the second they bring a young calf and give a little of its urine to the child, and to the mother a little sugar and the half of a cocoanut. In the evening of this
- 230 that they are the remnants of the Kaikeyas, who before the Christian era dwelt north of the Jalandhar Doab. Two subcastes exist in Nimar, the Marathas and the Phirasti or wandering Kaikaris, the former no doubt representing recruits from Maratha castes, n
- 231 The caste has a number of subdivisions, of which the bulk are of the territorial type, as Malvi or the immigrants from Malwa, Lad those coming from south Gujarat, Daharia belonging to Dahar or the Jubbulpore country, Jaiswar and Kanaujia coming from Oudh.
- 232 13. Customs in connection with drinking.The country liquor, consisting of spirits distilled from the flowers of the mahua tree, is an indispensable adjunct to marriage and other ceremonial feasts among the lower castes of Hindus and the non-Aryan tribes.
- 233 11. Hair.The men shave the whole head on the death of a father or other venerable relative, but otherwise they never cut their hair, and let it grow long, twisting it into a bunch at the back of the head. They shave off or eradicate the hair of the face a
- 234 4. The Doms.The Doms appear to be one of the chief aboriginal tribes of northern India, who were reduced to servitude like the Mahars and Chamars. Sir H. M. Elliot considered them to be "One of the original tribes of India. Tradition fixes their residenc
- 235 12. Taking food together and hospitality.13. The Roman sacra.14. The Hindu caste-feasts.15. Sacrifice of the camel.16. The joint sacrifice.17. Animal sacrifices in Greece.18. The Pa.s.sover.19. Sanct.i.ty of domestic animals.20. Sacrificial slaughter for
- 236 "At a later period the conception is found current that any food which two men partake of together, so that the same substance enters into their flesh and blood, is enough to establish some sacred unity of life between them; but in ancient times this sig
- 237 Kasar 1. Distribution and origin of the caste.Kasar, Kasera, Kansari, Bharewa. [388]--The professional caste of makers and sellers of bra.s.s and copper vessels. In 1911 the Kasars numbered 20,000 persons in the Central Provinces and Berar, and were distr
- 238 6. First pregnancy.In the fifth or seventh month of the first pregnancy of a Kasbi woman 108 fried wafers of flour and sugar, known as gujahs, are prepared, and are eaten by her as well as distributed to friends and relatives who are invited to the house.
- 239 may be so called as being the oldest subdivision; for the lotus is sometimes considered the root of all things, on account of the belief that Brahma, the creator of the world, was himself born from this flower. In Bilaspur the Kamalbansis are considered t
- 240 12. Occupation and social rules.The tribe consider military service to be their traditional occupation, but the bulk of them are now cultivators and labourers. Many of them are farmers of villages in the zamindaris. Rautias weave ropes and make sleeping-c
- 241 (g) Mathur.(h) Kulsreshtha.(i) Suryadhwaja.(k) Karan.(l) Gaur.(m) Nigum.(a) The Srivastab subcaste take their name from the old town of Sravasti, now Sahet-Mahet, in the north of the United Provinces. They are by far the most numerous subcaste both there
- 242 11. Social rules.Polygamy is permitted but is seldom resorted to, except for the sake of offspring. Neither widow-marriage nor divorce are recognised, and either a girl or married woman is expelled from the caste if detected in a liaison. A man may keep a
- 243 2. Its origin.On the information available as to the past history of the tribe it seems probable that the Khairwars may, as suggested by Sir H. Risley, be an offshoot from some other group. The most probable derivation of the name seems to be from the kha
- 244 2. Caste subdivisions.The caste has four subdivisions, named Rai, Mirdha or Nakib, Karbal and Dahat. The Rai or royal Khangars are the highest group and practise hypergamy with families of the Mirdha and Karbal groups, taking daughters from them in marria
- 245 After a girl is married her own mother will not eat food cooked by her, as no two Kharias will take food together unless they are of the same sept. When a married daughter goes back to the house of her parents she cooks her food separately, and does not e
- 246 "Even under Mahomedan rulers in the west they have risen to high administrative posts. There is a record of a Khatri Diwan of Badakshan or Kurdaz; and, I believe, of a Khatri Governor of Peshawar under the Afghans. The Emperor Akbar's famous min
- 247 For one day after a child has been born the mother is allowed no food. On the sixth day she herself shaves the child's head and bites his nails short with her teeth, after which she takes a bow and arrows and stands with the child facing successively
- 248 1. Origin and Traditions.Kir. [520]--A cultivating caste found princ.i.p.ally in the Hoshangabad District. They numbered about 7000 persons in 1911. The Kirs claim to have come from the Jaipur State, and this is borne out by the fact that they still retai
- 249 The Kohlis were the builders of the great tanks of the Bhandara District. The most important of these are Nawegaon with an area of five square miles and a circ.u.mference of seventeen, and Seoni, over seven miles round, while smaller tanks are counted by
- 250 In the Central Provinces the Kols and Mundas numbered 85,000 persons in 1911. The name Kol is in general use except in the Chota Nagpur States, but it seems probable that the Kols who have immigrated here really belong to the Munda tribe of Chota Nagpur.
- 251 20. Names.Colonel Dalton notes that the Kols, like the Gonds, give names to their children after officers visiting the village when they are born. Thus Captain, Major, Doctor are common names in the Kolhan. Mr. Mazumdar gives an instance of a Kol servant
- 252 5. Other customs.6. Occupation.1. Introductory notice.Kolhati, Dandewala, Bansberia, Kabutari. [563]--The name by which the Beria caste of Northern and Central India is known in Berar. The Berias themselves, in Central India at any rate, are a branch of t
- 253 5. Religion.The Kolis of Nimar chiefly revere the G.o.ddess Bhawani, and almost every family has a silver image of her. An important shrine of the G.o.ddess is situated in Ichhapur, ten or twelve miles from Burhanpur, and here members of the tribe were ac
- 254 A child is named on the day after its birth by some woman of the caste; a Brahman is asked whether the day is auspicious, and he also chooses the name. If this is the same as that of any living relation or one recently dead, another name is given for ordi
- 255 9. Funeral rites.The dead are usually buried, two pice being first thrown into the grave to buy the site. The body is laid on its back, naked and with the head pointing to the south. The earth is mixed with briars and thorns while being filled in so as to
- 256 Marriage within the sept is forbidden, but this appears to be the only restriction. In Korba the Paharia Korwas are said to marry their own sisters on occasion. The ordinary bride-price is Rs. 12. In Bilaspur there is reported to be no regular marriage fe
- 257 At a Koshti wedding in Nagpur, the bride and bridegroom with their parents sit in a circle, and round them a long hempen rope is drawn seven times; the bride's mother then holds a lamp, while the bridegroom's mother pours water from a vessel on
- 258 [23] This article is compiled partly from papers by Muns.h.i.+s Pyare Lal Misra and Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer Office.[24] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Ghasi.[25] Central Provinces Gazetteer (1871), p. 273.[26] Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 32
- 259 [73] Ca.s.sia fistula.[74] This is incorrect, at present at any rate, as the Karma is danced during the harvest period. But it is probable that the ritual observances for communal fis.h.i.+ng and hunting have now fallen into abeyance.[75] C. P. Gazetteer
- 260 [123] Tribes and Castes, article Gujar, para. 12. The description is mainly taken from Elliott's History of India as told by its own Historians.[124] Description of the Kangra Gujars by Mr. Barnes. Quoted in Ibbetson's Punjab Census Report (1881
- 261 [173] See the articles Mahar and Kunbi.[174] This article is partly based on a paper by Bihari Lal, Patwari, of Hoshangabad.[175] Semaria is a common name of villages, and is of course as such derived from the semar tree, but the argument is that the Jada
- 262 [223] Taken from Brennand's Hindu Astronomy, p. 39.[224] Barnett, Antiquities of India, p. 193.[225] The above particulars regarding the measurement of time by the gharial are taken from 'An Account of the Hindustani Horometry' in Asiatic R
- 263 [273] Deussen, Outlines of Indian Philosophy, p. 12. [274] Indo-Aryans, i. p. 393. [275] Ibidem, p. 396. [276] Ibidem, p. 402. [277] Indo-Aryans, i. p. 411. [278] Garretts Cla.s.sical Dictionary, s.v. Varuni and Vishnu. [279] The Golden Bough, 2nd edition
- 264 [323] Gunthorpe, p. 81. Mr. Kennedy says: "Sansia and Beria women have a clove (lavang) in the left nostril; the Sansias, but not the Berias, wear a bullaq or pendant in the fleshy part of the nose."[324] Gayer, l.c. p. 61.[325] Crooke, l.c. par
- 265 [373] Orpheus, p. 272; Religion of the Semites, p. 311.[374] Religion of the Semites, p. 304.[375] Ibidem, pp. 305, 306.[376] Religion of the Semites, pp. 296, 297.[377] Golden Bough, ii. p. 313.[378] When the blood of the animal was poured out before the
- 266 [423] This article is based partly on papers by Muns.h.i.+ Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer office, Mr. Sundar Lal, Extra a.s.sistant Commissioner, Saugor, and Mr. J. N. Sil, Pleader, Seoni.[424] Hindus of Gujarat, p. 59, quoting from Ind. Ant. vi. 192-193.[42
- 267 [473] Tribes and Castes of Bengal.[474] From bhuj, an arm, and jangh, a thigh. These are Hindi words, and the whole story is obviously a Brahmanical legend. Balrai seems a corruption of Balaram, the brother of Krishna.[475] Estate held on feudal tenure.[4
- 268 [523] Compiled from papers by Mr. Mulchand, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Betul; Mr. Shams-ul-Husain, Tahsildar, Sohagpur; Mr. Kalyan Chand, Manager, Court of Wards, Betul; and Kanhya Lal, clerk in the Gazetteer Office. [524] Hoshangabad Settlement Report
- 269 [573] Bombay City Census Report (1901) (Edwards).[574] Gujarat Gazetteer, p. 238.[575] Golden Book of India, s.v.[576] Semecarpus anacardium, the marking-nut tree.[577] Kitts, Berar Census Report (1881), p. 131.[578] Akola Gazetteer (Mr. C. Brown), p. 116
- 270 The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.Volume IV.by R.V. Russell.PART II ARTICLES ON CASTES AND TRIBES k.u.mHAR--YEMKALA VOL. IV k.u.mhar List of Paragraphs 1. _Traditions of origin_.2. _Caste subdivisions_.3. _Social Customs_.4. _The k.u
- 271 6. Restrictions on marriage of relatives A man is forbidden to marry within his own sept or _kul_, or in that of his mother or either of his grandmothers. He may marry his wife's younger sister but not her elder sister. Alliances between first and se
- 272 An ordinary Kunbi village [38] contains between 70 and 80 houses or some 400 souls. The village generally lies on a slight eminence near a _nullah_ or stream, and is often nicely planted with tamarind or pipal trees. The houses are now generally tiled for
- 273 44. _Caste penalties_.45. _The cultivating status_.46. _Occupation_._Appendix. List of exogamous clans._ 1. Numbers and derivation of name _Kurmi_. [52]--The representative cultivating caste of Hindustan or the country comprised roughly in the United Prov
- 274 During her periodical impurity, which lasts for four or five days, a woman should not sleep on a cot. She must not walk across the shadow of any man not her husband, because it is thought that if she does so her next child will be like that man. Formerly
- 275 25. Mourning During the days of mourning the chief mourner sits apart and does no work. The others do their work but do not touch any one else, as they are impure. They leave their hair unkempt, do not wors.h.i.+p the G.o.ds nor sleep on cots, and abjure
- 276 38. Women's clothes Women, in the northern Districts wear a skirt made of coa.r.s.e cloth, usually red or blue, and a shoulder-cloth of the same material. Hand-woven cloth is still commonly used in the interior. The skirt is sometimes drawn up throug
- 277 Chatur Midalia Chatur, clever.Bharadwaj After the Ris.h.i.+ of that name; also a bird.Kousil Name of a Ris.h.i.+.Ishwar G.o.d.Samund Karkari A particle in an ocean.Akalchuwa Akal, famine.Padel Fallow.Baghmar Tiger-slayer.Harduba Green gra.s.s.Kansia Kans,
- 278 s.h.i.+kare Hunter.Nahar Tiger.Gursaraiyan Gursarai, a town.Bardia A village.Sandia Sand, a bull.Sirwaiyan Sirwai, a village.Itguhan A village.Sengaiyan or Singaiyan Sengai, a village.Harkotia Harkoti, a village.Noria Norai, a village.Larent Lareti, a vil
- 279 Among the const.i.tuents of the Sohag or lucky _trousseau_ without which no Hindu girl of good caste can be married are _sendur_ or vermilion, _kunku_ or red powder or a spangle (_tikli_), and _mahawar_ or red b.a.l.l.s of cotton-wool. In Chhattisgarh and
- 280 6. The gauna ceremoney. Fertility rites When the girl becomes mature the Gauna or going-away ceremony is performed. In Chhattisgarh before leaving her home the bride goes out with her sister and wors.h.i.+ps a _palas_ tree. [97] Her sister waves a lighted
- 281 Mahar List of Paragraphs 1. _General Notice._ 2. _Length of residence in the Central Provinces._ 3. _Legend of origin._ 4. _Sub castes._ 5. _Exogamous groups and marriage customs._ 6. _Funeral rites._ 7. _Childbirth._ 8. _Names._ 9. _Religion._ 10. _Adopt
- 282 12. Social rules When an outsider is to be received into the community all the hair on his face is shaved, being wetted with the urine of a boy belonging to the group to which he seeks admission. Mahars will eat all kinds of food including the flesh of cr
- 283 5. Marriage customs.Marriage within the sept is prohibited and for three generations between persons related through females. Marriage is adult, but matches are arranged by the parents of the parties. At betrothal the elders of the caste must be regaled w
- 284 And, Fairer than these, though temple thou hast none, Nor altar decked with flowers, Nor virgin choir to make delicious moan Upon the midnight hours.M. Fustel de Coulanges describes the custom of wearing crowns or garlands of flowers in ancient Rome and G
- 285 _Mana_. [174]--A Dravidian caste of cultivators and labourers belonging to the Chanda District, from which they have spread to Nagpur, Bhandara and Balaghat. In 1911 they numbered nearly 50,000 persons, of whom 34,000 belonged to Chanda. The origin of the
- 286 4. Widow marriage The remarriage of widows is permitted, and a widow may marry any one except persons of her own family group or her husband's elder brother, who stands to her in the light of a father. She is permitted, but not obliged, to marry her
- 287 "The physical type of the people of this region accords fairly well with this theory, while the arguments derived from language and religion do not seem to conflict with it.... On this view the wide-ranging forays of the Marathas, their guerilla meth
- 288 "To recover an arrear of pay there is but one known mode which is universally adopted in all native services, the Mughal as well as the Maratha; this is called Dharna, [222] which consists in putting the debtor, be he who he will, into a state of res
- 289 The dead are usually buried, but the well-to-do sometimes cremate them. In Benares the face or hand of the corpse is scorched with fire to symbolise cremation and it is then buried. In the Punjab the ghosts of sweepers are considered to be malevolent and
- 290 Meo _Meo, Mewati._--The Muhammadan branch of the Mina tribe belonging to the country of Mewat in Rajputana which is comprised in the Alwar, Bharatpur and Jaipur States and the British District of Gurgaon. A few Meos were returned from the Hoshangabad and
- 291 Hindu sculpture has indeed been fairly prolific, but is not generally considered to have attained to any degree of artistic merit. Since sculpture is mainly concerned with the human form it seems clear that an appreciation of the beauty of muscular streng
- 292 She put on her clothes and went to the forest; she met her lover and said you are welcome to me.He went to the bazar and bought potatoes; but if he had loved me he would have brought me liquor.The fish in the river are on the look-out; the Brahman's
- 293 1. Structure of the caste _Nai, Nao, Mhali, Hajjam, Bhanari, Mangala_. [292]--The occupational caste of barbers. The name is said to be derived from the Sanskrit _napita_ according to some a corruption of _snapitri_, one who bathes. In Bundelkhand he is a
- 294 12. Significance of removal of the hair and shaving the head If the hair was considered to be the source of a man's strength and vigour, the removal of it would involve the loss of this and might be considered especially to debar him from fighting or
- 295 Generally the customs of the Nats show them to be the dregs of the population. There is no offence which entails permanent expulsion from caste. They will eat any kind of food including snakes, crocodiles and rats, and also take food from the hands of any
- 296 _Oraon, Uraon, Kurukh, Dhangar, Kuda, Kisan._--The Oraons are an important Dravidian tribe of the Chota Nagpur plateau, numbering altogether about 750,000 persons, of whom 85,000 now belong to the Central Provinces, being residents of the Jashpur and Sarg
- 297 15. Religion. The supreme deity The following account of the tribal religion is abridged from Father Dehon's full and interesting description: "The Oraons wors.h.i.+p a supreme G.o.d who is known as Dharmes; him they invoke in their greatest dif
- 298 The Oraons do not now admit outsiders into the tribe. There is no offence for which a man is permanently put out of caste, but a woman living with any man other than an Oraon is so expelled. Temporary expulsion is awarded for the usual offences. The head
- 299 3. _The Panwar dynasty of Dhar and Ujjain_.4. _Diffusion of the Panwars over India_.5. _The Nagpur Panwars_.6. _Subdivisions_.7. _Marriage customs_.8. _Widow-marriage_.9. _Religion_.10. _Wors.h.i.+p of the spirits of those dying a violent death_.11. _Fune
- 300 Make payment before he bathes with strange water; O Mother! how may he eat another's _banwat_? [392]Make payment before he eats another's _banwat_; O Mother! how shall he marry another woman?He shall wed her holding the little finger of her left