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The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Novel Chapters
List of most recent chapters published for the The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India novel. A total of 336 chapters have been translated and the release date of the last chapter is Apr 02, 2024
Latest Release: Chapter 1 : The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This b
The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This book is the result of the arrangement made by the Government of India, on the suggestion of the late Sir Herbert Risley, for the preparation of an ethnological account
- 1 The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. by R.V. Russell. PREFACE This book is the result of the arrangement made by the Government of India, on the suggestion of the late Sir Herbert Risley, for the preparation of an ethnological account
- 2 20. Castes from whom a Brahman can take water. Higher agriculturists. The second group of good castes from whom a Brahman can take water falls into three sections as already explained: the higher agricultural castes, the higher artisans, and the serving o
- 3 The most important of these are the Sunar or goldsmith; the Kasar or worker in bra.s.s and bell-metal; the Tamera or coppersmith; the Barhai or carpenter; and the Halwai and Bharbhunja or confectioner and grain-parcher. The Sansia or stone-mason of the Ur
- 4 With the village priests may be mentioned the Mali or gardener. The Malis now grow vegetables with irrigation or ordinary crops, but this was not apparently their original vocation. The name is derived from _mala_, a garland, and it would appear that the
- 5 There seems good reason to suppose that the Gonds and Khonds were originally one tribe divided through migration. [72] The Kolams are a small tribe of the Wardha Valley, whose dialect resembles those of the Gonds and Khonds. They may have split off from t
- 6 Again, very occasionally a caste may be formed from a religious sect or order. The Bishnois were originally a Vaishnava sect, wors.h.i.+pping Vishnu as an unseen G.o.d, and refusing to employ Brahmans. They have now become cultivators, and though they ret
- 7 54. Qualities a.s.sociated with animals. It is probable that qualities were first conceived of by being observed in animals or natural objects. Prior to the introduction of personal names, the individuality of human beings could neither be clearly realise
- 8 64. The common life. Thus, resuming from paragraph 61, primitive man had no difficulty in conceiving of a life as shared between two or more persons or objects, and it does not seem impossible that he should have at first conceived it to extend through a
- 9 I do not know, however, that there is any definite evidence as to the exogamy of the Scotch clans, which would have disappeared with their conversion to Christianity. The original Rajput clan may perhaps have lived round the chiefs castle or headquarters
- 10 Two features of the Khond sacrifice of a human victim as a corn-spirit appear to indicate its derivation from the sacrifice of the domestic animal and the eating of the totem-animal, the ties uniting the clan and tribe: first, that the flesh was cut from
- 11 [_Bibliography_: Sir E.D. Maclagans _Punjab Census Report of 1891_; Mr. R. Burns _United Provinces Census Report of 1901_; Professor J. C. Omans _Cults, Customs and Superst.i.tions of India_.] List of Paragraphs 1. _The founder of the sect, Dayanand Saras
- 12 _Brahmo Samaj Religion_.--This monotheistic sect of Bengal numbered only thirty-two adherents in the Central Provinces in 1911, of whom all or nearly all were probably Bengalis. Nevertheless its history is of great interest as representing an attempt at t
- 13 [_Bibliography: The Jainas_, by Dr. J.G. Buhler and J. Burgess, London, 1903; _The Religions of India_, Professor E.W. Hopkins; _The Religions of India_, Professor A. Barth; _Punjab Census Report_ (1891), Sir E.D. Maclagan; article on Jainism in Dr. Hasti
- 14 11. Temple and car festival. The Jains display great zeal in the construction of temples in which the images of the Tirthakars are enshrined. The temples are commonly of the same fas.h.i.+on as those of the Hindus, with a short, roughly conical spire tape
- 15 8. Brahma is dead with Siva who lived in Kas.h.i.+; the immortals are dead. In Mathura, Krishna, the cowherd, died. The ten incarnations (of Vishnu) are dead. Machhandranath, Gorakhnath, Dattatreya and Vyas are no longer living. Kabir cries with a loud vo
- 16 15. _Muhammadan sects. s.h.i.+ah and Sunni_. 16. _Leading religious observations. Prayer._ 17. _The fast Ramazan._ 18. _The pilgrimage to Mecca._ 19. _Festivals. The Muharram_. 20. _Id-ul-Fitr._ 21. _Id-ul-Zoha._ 22. _Mosques._ 22. _Mosques_ 23. _The Frid
- 17 A boy is usually circ.u.mcised at the age of six or seven, but among some cla.s.ses of s.h.i.+ahs and the Arabs the operation is performed a few days after birth. The barber operates and the child is usually given a little _bhang_ or other opiate. Some Mu
- 18 The word Kuran is derived from _kuraa_, to recite or proclaim. The Muhammadans look upon the Koran as the direct word of G.o.d sent down by Him to the seventh or lowest heaven, and then revealed from time to time to the Prophet by the angel Gabriel. A few
- 19 The Udasis are a cla.s.s of ascetics of the Nanakpanthi or Sikh faith, whose order was founded by Sri Chand, the younger son of Nanak. They are recruited from all castes and will eat food from any Hindu. They are almost all celibates, and pay special reve
- 20 Professor Haug adduces other arguments in this connection from resemblance of metres. Again the princ.i.p.al Vedic G.o.d, Indra, is included in the list of Devas or demons in the Zoroastrian scripture, the Vendidad. Siva and the Nasatyas or Ashvins, the d
- 21 18. Clothes, food and ceremonial observances. Parsi men usually wear a turban of dark cloth spotted with white, folded to stand up straight from the forehead, and looking somewhat as if it was made of pasteboard. This is very unbecoming, and younger men o
- 22 8. Character of the Satnami movement. Several points in the above description point to the conclusion that the Satnami movement is in essence a social revolt on the part of the despised Chamars or tanners. The fundamental tenet of the gospel of Ghasi Das,
- 23 Smarta Sect _Smarta Sect_.--This is an orthodox Hindu sect, the members of which are largely Brahmans. The name is derived from Smriti or tradition, a name given to the Hindu sacred writings, with the exception of the Vedas, which last are regarded as a d
- 24 Faithful wors.h.i.+ppers of Vishnu will after his death be transported to his heaven, Vaikuntha, or to Golaka, the heaven of Krishna. The sect-mark of the Vaishnavas usually consists of three lines down the forehead, meeting at the root of the nose or bel
- 25 _Akhadewale_.--A cla.s.s of Bairagis who do not marry. Also known as Nihang. _Akhroti_.--A subdivision of Pathans. (From _akhrot_, walnut.) _Akre_.--A b.a.s.t.a.r.d Khatik. t.i.tle of a child a Khatik gets by a woman of another caste. _Alia_.--A grower of
- 26 _Bad_.--(Banyan tree.) A section of Jos.h.i.+. _Badaria_.--(From _badar_, cloud.) A section of Kandera. _Badgainya_.--(From Badgaon (_bara gaon_), a large village.) A surname of Sarwaria Brahmans. A section of Basdewa, Gadaria and Kurmi. _Badgujar_.--(Fro
- 27 _Bandhaiya_.--(From Bandhogarh.) Subcaste of Nai. _Bandhia_--(From _bandh_, an embankment.) A subcaste of Darzi and Dhimar. A section of Chamar. _Bandrele_.--(Monkey.) A section of Basor, and Barai. _Bangh.o.r.e_.--(Wild horses.) A section of Dom (Mehtar)
- 28 _Bendiwala_.--Name of a minor Vishnuite order. See Bairagi. _Benetiya, Benatia_.--Subcaste of Chasa and Sansia. _Bengali_.--Bengali immigrants are usually Brahmans or Kayasths. _Bengani_.--(Brinjal.) One of the 1444 sections of Oswal Bania. _Benglah_.--An
- 29 _Bhoi_.--(One who carries litters or palanquins.) Synonym of Dhimar and Kahar. A t.i.tle or honorific name for Gonds and one by which they are often known. See article Kahar. A section of Binjhal. _Bhoir_.--Synonym for Bhoyar. _Bhojni_.--Subcaste of Chitr
- 30 _Bundelkhandi_.--A resident of Bundelkhand. Subcaste of Basdewa, Barai, Basor, Chamar, Darzi, Dhobi, k.u.mhar, Lohar, Nai and Sunar. _Bundhrajia_.--Subcaste of Kamar. _Bunkar_.--(A weaver.) t.i.tle of Balahi. _Burad_.--A synonym for the Basor caste of bam
- 31 It has been suggested in the article on Khairwar that the close connection between the two tribes may arise from the Kharwars or Khairwars having been an occupational offshoot of the Cheros and Santals. In Palamau [437] the Cheros are now divided into two
- 32 _Dandsena_.--(One who carries a stick.) Subcaste of Kalar. _Dang-charha._--(A rope-climber.) Synonym of Nut. _Dangiwara_.--Name of part of the Saugor District, which is called after the Dangi caste. Subcaste of Kadera. _Dangua_.--(A hill-dweller.) Subcast
- 33 _Dhangar_.--(A farmservant.) Synonym of Oraon. _Dhanka_.--Perhaps a variant for Dhangar. Subcaste of Oraon. _Dhanoj_, _Dhanoje_.--(From _dhangar_, a shepherd.) Subcaste of Are and Kunbi. _Dhanpagar_.--(One serving for a pittance of paddy.) A section of Te
- 34 _Dom_.--An important caste in Bengal. See article Kanjar. Used as a synonym for Ganda in the Uriya country. _Domra_.--Subcaste of Turi. _Dongaria_, _Dongarwar_.--(From _dongar_, a hill.) A sept of Bhil, Dhobi, Mali, Mang and Sonkar. A surname of Maratha B
- 35 _Gangabalu_.--(Sand of the Ganges.) A family name of Ganda. _Gangabasia_.--(Living on the banks of the Ganges.) A section of Ahir. _Gangapari_.--(One coming from the further side of the Ganges.) Subcaste of Barai, Barhai, Chamar, Dhobi, Gondhali, k.u.mhar
- 36 _Gaoli_.--(A cowherd.) Synonym for Ahir. Subcaste of Maratha. _Gobardhua_.--(From _gobar_, cowdung.) Subcaste of Chamar. _Gohia, Gohi_.--(From _goh_ or _gohi_, a large lizard.) A section of Jain Bania or Khatik. A sept of Bhatra and Parja. _Gohil_.--A wel
- 37 _Haihaya, Haihaivansi_.--(Race of the horse.) A clan of Rajputs of the lunar race. _Hajjam_.--Muhammadan name for Nai or barber. _Hakkya_.--t.i.tle of Hatkar. _Halai_.--Subcaste of Cutchi. _Halbi_.--Synonym of Halba. Subcaste of Koshti. _Haldia, Hardiya,
- 38 _Jagat_.--(An awakener or sorcerer.) A sept of Gond in many localities. A section of Nat and Kasar. _Jaharia_.--(From _jahar_, an essence.) Subcaste of Satnami. _Jain_.--Name of a religion. See article. A subcaste of Kalar, k.u.mbar and Simpi (Darzi). _Ja
- 39 _Kabiraya_.--(Followers of Kabir.) A subcaste of Kori. A section of Koshti. _Kabirpanthi_.--A member of the Kabirpanthi sect. A subcaste of Panka and Agharia. A cla.s.s of Bairagis or religious mendicants. _Kabra_.--(Spotted.) One of the 72 1/2 sections o
- 40 _Kande_.--Subcaste of Bedar. _Kandera_.--Synonym for Kadera. Subcaste of Bahna. _Kandh_.--Synonym of Khond. A subcaste of Taonla in Sambalpur. _Kandhana_.--Subcaste of Khond. _Kandhia_.--(A big-beaked vulture.) A sept of Dhanwar. _Kandia_.--(_Kandi_, a sh
- 41 _Karwar_.--(An oar.) A section of Dangi in Damoh. A section of Kawar. _Kasai_.--A caste of butchers. Name applied to Banjaras. _Kasar_.--A caste. A subdivision of Audhia Sunar. A section of Kewat. _Kasarwani_.--A subcaste of Bania. _Kasaundhan_.--A subcas
- 42 _Khambi_.--(One who hides behind the graveyard.) A sept of Korku. _Khanda_.--(A sword.) A section of Panka and Mahar. _Khandait_.--(A swordsman.) An Uriya caste. A subcaste of Sansia, Taonla and Chasa. Also a name of Koltas in Cuttack. _Khandapatra_.--(On
- 43 _Kirnakha_.--A sept of Gonds in Chanda. _Kirvant_ or _Kilvant_.--A subdivision of Maharashtra Brahmans in Khairagarh. The name is said to be derived from _kira_, an insect, because they kill insects in working their betel-vine gardens. Another explanation
- 44 _Kramikul_.--A section of Komti. They do not use the black radish. _Kshatriya_.--Name of the second Hindu cla.s.sical caste or the warrior caste. Synonym for Rajput. _Ks.h.i.+rsagar_.--(Ocean of Milk.) A section of Panwar Rajput, and a proper name of Mara
- 45 _Kushta_, _Koshta_.--Subcaste of Kori. _Kuslia_.--(_Kusli_, boat.) A subcaste of Mali. _Kusram_.--_(Kusri_, pulse.) A sept of the Uika Gonds in Betul and Chanda. _Labhana_.--Synonym and subcaste of Banjara. _Lad_.--The old name for the territory of Gujara
- 46 _Lunia_.--Synonym of Murha, Nunia. _Machhandar_.--(One who catches fish.) Synonym of Dhimar. _Machhandra Nath_.--A subdivision of Jogi. _Machhia_.--(From _machhi_, fish.) A section of Dhimar and Lodhi. _Machhri_.--(Fish.) A sept of Oraon. _Mada Kukuria_.-
- 47 _Mair_.--A subcaste of Sunar named after Mair, their original ancestor, who melted down a golden demon. _Maithil_.--One of the five divisions of Panch Gaur Brahmans inhabiting the province of Maithil or Bihar and Tirhut. _Majarewar_.--A territorial sectio
- 48 _Mashki_.--(A water-bearer.) Synonym of Bhishti. _Masram_.--A common sept of Gonds. _Masti_.--(Dancer.) Subcaste of Madgi. _Mastram_.--(Mastra, bra.s.s bangles.) A sept of Gonds in Betul. The women of this sept wear bra.s.s bangles. _Masuria_.--A subcaste
- 49 _Morkul_.--A section of Komti. They do not use asafoetida (_hing_) nor the fruit of the _umar_ fig-tree. _Motate_.--(From _mot_, water-bag.) A subcaste of Kapewar. _Moujikul_.--A section of Komti. They do not use pepper. _Mowar_.--Subcaste of Rajwar. _Mow
- 50 _Nagvansi_.--A clan of Rajputs. See article Rajput-Nagvansi. A subcaste and section of Sunar. A section of Daharia or Daraiha and Gond. _Nahar_.--(Tiger.) A subtribe of Baiga. A section of Rajputs in Saugor. _Nahonia_.--A clan of Dangi in Damoh and Saugor
- 51 _Odhia_.--Synonym for Audhia Bania. _Odia_ or _Uriya_.--Subcaste of Beldar in Chhattisgarh. _Oiku_.--Subtribe of Majhwar. _Ojha_.--(From _Ojh_, entrails.) A caste of Gond augurs, see article. A t.i.tle of Maithil Brahmans. A subcaste of Lohar, Nat and Sav
- 52 _Panchghar_.--One of the three subdivisions of Kanaujia Brahmans in Hoshangabad. _Panda_.--(A priest of Devi, a wise man.) A subcaste or t.i.tle of Mali. A subcaste and surname of Uriya Brahmans. A subcaste of Jasondhi Bhats. _Pandaram_.--A cla.s.s of Bra
- 53 _Patwa_.--A caste. See article. In Seoni tahsil of Hoshangabad District Patwa and Lakhera appear to be synonymous terms. A section of Oswal Bania. _Patwari_.--(Name of the village accountant and surveyor, who is now a salaried Government official.) The Ka
- 54 _Purohit_.--(Family priest.) A common t.i.tle of Brahmans. _Purouti_ or _Pudoti_.--(Bowels.) A sept of Gonds in Khairagarh. _Pusam_.--(Wors.h.i.+pper of five G.o.ds.) A sept of Raj-Gond and Dhur Gond, and of Baiga and Pardhan. _Putka_.--A subcaste of Sudh
- 55 _Rawat_.--A t.i.tle borne by some minor Rajput chiefs. Probably a diminutive of Rajputra, the original form of the term Rajput. An honorific t.i.tle of Gonds and Savars in Saugor and Damoh. The name by which the Ahir caste is generally known in Chhattisga
- 56 _Sanjogi_.--A cla.s.s of Bairagis or mendicants who marry, also called Grihastha. _Sankrita_.--An eponymous section of Kanaujia Brahmans. _Sanp_.--(Snake.) A sept of Gond and Kawar. _Santal, Saonta, Sonthal._--An important tribe of Bengal, belonging to th
- 57 _Shaikh, Sheikh_.--One of the four tribes of Muhammadans. A subcaste of Mehtar. _Shaiva, Saiva_.--(A wors.h.i.+pper of Siva.) The term Shaiva Brahman is applied to Guraos. _Shandilya, Sandilya_.--An eponymous _gotra_ or section of Brahmans. A section of D
- 58 _Sonpakar_.--(A tree.) A totemistic sept of Kawar and Chero. _Sonratan_.--(Gold jewel.) A section of Chandnahu Kurmi. _Sonthaga_.--(Gold-cheat.) A subdivision of Pardhans in Kawardha. They cheated people by pa.s.sing false gold, and hence were so named. _
- 59 _Tanwar_.--A subcaste of Kawar, to which zamindars belong. _Tanwat, Tanwatkari_.--A synonym for Panchal Sunar. _Tarane_.--Synonym of Dobaile Teli. _Tasa_.--Synonym of Chasa. _Tatwa_.--Synonym for Tanti. (From Sanskrit _tantu_, a fibre.) _Tawaif_.--(A pros
- 60 _Uika, Oika_.--A very common clan of Gonds, who are said to be wors.h.i.+ppers of six G.o.ds. _Ukas_.--A subcaste of Barhai. _Ulluka_.--(An owl.) A totemistic sept of Sudh and Dumal. _Umre_.--A subcaste of Bania. See subordinate article to Bania. A subcas
- 61 _Wika_.--Synonym for Uika, a well-known clan of Gonds. _Yadu, Yadava_.--A well-known clan of Rajputs. _Yadubansi_.--(Of the Yadu race.) A subcaste of Ahir. _Yadu-Bhatti._--Clan of Rajputs. Synonym for Yadu. _Yajur-Vedi._--A subcaste of Brahmans who follow
- 62 The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.Volume I.by R.V. Russell.PREFACE This book is the result of the arrangement made by the Government of India, on the suggestion of the late Sir Herbert Risley, for the preparation of an ethnological a
- 63 Karan.Kayasth and Prabhu.Khatri.Rajput.The Brahmans are, as they have always been, the highest caste. The Rajputs are the representatives of the ancient Kshatriyas or second caste, though the existing Rajput clans are probably derived from the Hun, Gujar
- 64 Halwai.Kasar.Komti.Sansia.Sunar.Tamera.Vidur.The most important of these are the Sunar or goldsmith; the Kasar or worker in bra.s.s and bell-metal; the Tamera or coppersmith; the Barhai or carpenter; and the Halwai and Bharbhunja or confectioner and grain
- 65 The office of village watchman is an important one, and is usually held by a member of the indigenous tribes. These formerly were the chief criminals, and the village watchman, in return for his pay, was expected to detect the crimes of his tribesmen and
- 66 37. Dravidian tribes.The princ.i.p.al Dravidian tribes are the Gonds, Khonds and Oraons. The Gonds were once dominant over the greater part of the Central Provinces, which was called Gondwana after them. The above three names have in each case been given
- 67 43. Other agents in the formation of castes.The great majority of castes have been formed from occupation, but other sources of origin can be traced. Several castes are of mixed descent, as the Vidurs, the descendants of Brahman fathers and mothers of oth
- 68 Primitive man further thought that life, instead of being concentrated in certain organs, was distributed equally over the whole of the body. This mistake appears also to have been natural and inevitable when it is remembered that he had no name for the b
- 69 63. Controlling the future.But primitive man was not actuated by any abstract love of knowledge, and when he had observed what appeared to him to be a law of nature, he proceeded to turn it to advantage in his efforts for the preservation of his life. Sin
- 70 Dr. Westermarck's view that the origin of exogamy lay in the feeling against the marriage of persons who lived together, receives support from the fact that a feeling of kins.h.i.+p still subsists between Hindus living in the same village, even thoug
- 71 86. The corn-sprit.The totem-animal was regarded as a kinsman, and the domestic animal often as a G.o.d. [210] But in both these cases the life of the kinsman and G.o.d was sacrificed in order that the community might be bound together by eating the body
- 72 ARTICLES ON RELIGIONS AND SECTS Arya Samaj [_Bibliography_: Sir E.D. Maclagan's _Punjab Census Report of 1891_; Mr. R. Burn's _United Provinces Census Report of 1901_; Professor J. C. Oman's _Cults, Customs and Superst.i.tions of India_.]Li
- 73 7. _Keshub Chandar's relapse into mysticism_.8. _Recent history of the Samaj_.9. _Character of the movement_.1. Ram Mohan Roy, founder of the sect._Brahmo Samaj Religion_.--This monotheistic sect of Bengal numbered only thirty-two adherents in the Ce
- 74 There is also a branch of the sect in Gujarat, where the founder is known as Meheraj Thakur. He appears to have been identical with Prannath, and inst.i.tuted a local headquarters at Surat. [265] It is related by Mr. Bhimbhai Kirparam that Meheraj Thakur
- 75 10. Connection with Hinduism.In other respects the Jains closely resemble the Hindus. Brahmans are often employed at their weddings, they reverence the cow, wors.h.i.+p sometimes in Hindu temples, go on pilgrimages to the Hindu sacred places, and follow t
- 76 4. The rosaries are of wood, the G.o.ds are of stone, the Ganges and Jumna are water. Rama and Krishna are dead. The four Vedas are fict.i.tious stories.5. If by wors.h.i.+pping stones one can find G.o.d, I shall wors.h.i.+p a mountain; better than these
- 77 6. _Polygamy, divorce and widow-remarriage_.7. _Devices for procuring children, and beliefs about them_.8. _Pregnancy rites_.9. _Childbirth and naming children_.10. _The Ukika sacrifice_.11. _Shaving the hair and ear-piercing_ 12. _Birthdays_.13. _Circ.u.
- 78 The child's birthday is known as _sal-girah_ and is celebrated by a feast. A knot is tied in a red thread and annually thereafter a fresh knot to mark his age, and prayers are offered in the child's name to the patriarch Noah, who is believed to
- 79 26. General features of Islam.In proclaiming one unseen G.o.d as the sole supernatural being, Muhammad adopted the religion of the Jews of Arabia, with whose sacred books he was clearly familiar. He looked on the Jewish prophets as his predecessors, he hi
- 80 2. Nanakpanthis in the Central Provinces.In 1901 about 13,000 persons returned themselves as Nanakpanthis in the Central Provinces, of whom 7000 were Banjaras and the remainder princ.i.p.ally Kunbis, Ahirs and Telis. The Banjaras generally revere Nanak, a
- 81 4. The Zend Avesta and the Vedas.A cuneiform inscription discovered in the centre of Asia Minor at Ptorium proves that about 1400 B.C. certain tribes who had relations with the Hitt.i.te empire had for their deities Mitra, Indra, Varuna and the Nasatyas.
- 82 17. Previous exposure of the dead, and migration of souls.Some of these customs are peculiar and interesting. It has been seen that for three days the home is impure, and no food is cooked in it except what is given to dogs; and since on the third day off
- 83 7. Customs of the Satnamis.The social customs of the Satnamis resemble generally those of other Chamars. They will admit into the community all except members of "the impure castes, as Dhobis (washermen), Ghasias (gra.s.s-cutters) and Mehtars (sweepe
- 84 7. The Sikh Council or Guru-Mata. Their communal meal.The following account was given by Sir J. Malcolm of the Guru-Mata or great Council of the Sikhs and their religious meal: [393] "When a Guru-Mata or great national Council is called on the occasi
- 85 3. Wors.h.i.+p of Vishnu and Vaishnava doctrines.In the Central Provinces Vishnu is wors.h.i.+pped as Narayan Deo, who is identified with the sun, or as Parmeshwar, the supreme beneficent G.o.d. He is also much wors.h.i.+pped in his incarnations as Rama a
- 86 _Aithana_.--A subcaste of Kayasth._Ajodhia_.--Subcaste of Jadam._Ajudhiabasi_.--See Audhia._Akali_.--Order of Sikh devotees. See article Sikh._Akhadewale_.--A cla.s.s of Bairagis who do not marry. Also known as Nihang._Akhroti_.--A subdivision of Pathans.
- 87 _Babuan_.--t.i.tle for the descendants of the former ruling families of the Chero tribe._Bachhalya_, _Bachhap_, _Bachhilia_.--(From _bachha_, a calf.) A section of Bania, Chadar and Khangar. A section of Patwa in Raipur. They do not castrate bullocks._Bad
- 88 _Bandar_.--(A rocket-thrower.) Synonym of Kadera._Bandarwale_.--(One who catches monkeys.)--Subcaste of Pardhi._Bandesia_.--(A man of 52 districts.) Subcaste of Banjara._Bandhaiya_.--A subcaste of Nunia who confine themselves to the excavation of tanks an
- 89 _Behera_.--A subcaste of Taonla. A section of Tiyar. A t.i.tle of Khadal._Belwar, Bilwar_.--A small caste of carriers and cattle-dealers belonging to Oudh, whose members occasionally visit the northern Districts of the Central Provinces. They say that the
- 90 _Bhilaophod_.--(Those who extract oil from the _bhilawa_ nut, _Semecarpus anacardium_.) Subcaste of Kol._Bhilsaiyan_, _Bhilsia_, _Bhilasia_.--(From Bhilsa, a town in Gwalior State.) A section and surname of Jijhotia Brahmans. A section of Purania Sunar an
- 91 _Buchar_.--A corruption of the English word 'butcher.' Subcaste of Khatik in Agra._Budalgir_.--(From _budla_, a leathern bag made for the transport and storage of oil and _ghi_ (b.u.t.ter).) Subcaste of Chamar._Bukekari_.--(A seller of scented p
- 92 _Cheorakuta_.--(One who prepares _cheora_ or pounded rice.) Subcaste of Dhuri._Chero_. [435]--A well-known tribe of the Munda or Kolarian family, found in small numbers in the Chota Nagpur Feudatory States. They are believed to have been at one time the r
- 93 _Dalia_.--(From _dal_ or the pulse of Burhanpur which had a great reputation). Subcaste of Kunbi._Dal Khalsa_.--(Army of G.o.d.) t.i.tle of the Sikh army._Dandewala_.--(One who performs acrobatic feats on a stick or bamboo.) Synonym for Kolhati._Dandi_.--
- 94 _Dhalgar_.--A small occupational caste who made leather s.h.i.+elds, and are now almost extinct as the use of s.h.i.+elds has gone out of fas.h.i.+on. They are Muhammadans, but Mr. Crooke [439] considers them to be allied to the Dabgars, who make leather
- 95 _Doda_ or _Dor_.--One of the thirty-six royal races of Rajputs._Dogle_.--Name applied to Kayasths of illegitimate descent._Dohor_. [441]--A small caste of Berar, who are really Chamars; in the Central Provinces the Dohors are a well-known subcaste of Cham
- 96 _Ganda_.--(A messenger.) A low caste of village watchmen. In the Uriya country the Gandas are known as Dom. A subcaste of Pardhan. t.i.tle of Kharia._Gandhi_.--A scent-seller. (From _gandh_, a Sanskrit word for scent.) Synonym of Atari. A section of Mahes
- 97 _Girgira_.--A small caste found in Sonpur State and Sambalpur district. They are fishermen, and also parch rice. They are perhaps an offshoot of the Kewat caste._Giri_ or _Gir_.--(_Gir_, mountain.) An order of Gosains._Girnara_.--A subcaste of Brahmans in
- 98 _Gwalhare_.--(Cowherd.) A subcaste of Lodhi._Habs.h.i.+_.--Synonym of Siddi. An Abyssinian._Hadi_.--(Sweeper or scavenger.) One of the 72 1/2 gotras of Meheshri Bania. A synonym for Mangan._Hadia_.--(From _hadi_, bone.) A section of Raghuvansi._Haihaya, H
- 99 _Jadam, Jaduvansi, Yadava_.--An important clan of Rajputs now become a caste. Name derived from Yadu or Yadava. A subcaste of Gujar. A subcaste and section of Ahir; a section of Rathor Rajputs in Betul._Jadia, Jaria_.--(An enameller.) A subcaste of Sunar.
- 100 _Jondhara_.--(Indian millet.) A totemistic sept of Korku and Halba._Jos.h.i.+_.--(An astrologer.) A caste. A surname of Karhara Brahmans._Juthia_.--(One who eats the leavings of others.) Subcaste of Basor._Jyotis.h.i.+_.--A synonym for Jos.h.i.+; an astro